Risperidone modulates the cytokine and chemokine release of dendritic cells and induces TNF-α-directed cell apoptosis in neutrophils

Chen, Mao-Liang; Tsai, Tzung-Chieh; Wang, Lu-Kai; Lin, Yi-Yin; Tsai, Ya‐Min; Lee, Ming-Cheng; Tsai, Fu-Ming

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2011.11.011

Cited by 51 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…It is also produced by both neurons and microglias, and acts as a neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system (Ringheim et al, 1995). Decreased serum IL-6 level in schizophrenia patients in this study was accordant with Singh et al's (2009) finding , although most groups have reported that plasma levels of IL-6 were elevated in schizophrenia patients than normal control (Miller et al, 2011;Chen et al, 2012;Dunjic-Kostic et al, 2013;Sasayama et al, 2013;Al-Asmari and Khan, 2014;Kalmady et al, 2014;Song et al, 2014) and some other groups have reported no significant differences (Baker et al, 1996). Several factors such as the effect of antipsychotic drugs and the state of patients might be responsible for the discrepancy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Altered IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia

Tan

Shi

et al. 2015

Schizophrenia Research

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Altered IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia

Tan

Shi

et al. 2015

Schizophrenia Research

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“…In the investigation performed by Chen et al (2012), risperidone was also shown to modulate the cytokines and chemokines of dendritic cells, while also inducing neutrophil apoptosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haloperidol and Risperidone at high concentrations activate an in vitro inflammatory response of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by induction of apoptosis and modification of cytokine levels

et al. 2015

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Antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol and risperidone, are used in long-term treatment of psychiatric patients and thus increase the risk of obesity and other metabolic dysfunctions. Available evidence suggests that these drugs have pro-inflammatory effect, which contributes to the establishment of endocrine disturbances. However, results yielded by extant studies are inconsistent. Therefore, in this work, we tested the in vitro effects of different high concentrations of haloperidol and risperidone on the activation of isolated macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line). The results indicated that macrophages were activated by both drugs. In addition, the activation involved an increase in nitric oxide levels and apoptosis events by modulation of caspases 8 and 3 levels and a decrease of the Bcl-2/BAX gene expression ratio. Cells treated with haloperidol and risperidone also presented higher concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα) and low levels of IL-6 anti-inflammatory cytokine in a dose-dependent manner. Despite the limitation of cell line studies based solely on macrophages cells, we suggest that antipsychotic drugs could potentially exacerbate inflammatory processes in peripheral tissues (blood and fat). The continued activation of macrophages could contribute to the development of obesity and other endocrine disturbances caused by the use of antipsychotic drugs.

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“…Noncompliance is also common in this population and is difficult to document. Several studies have suggested that antipsychotic drugs can regulate the immune response by altering cytokine secretion; however the pattern of changes is complex and conflicts from one study to the next (Cazzullo et al, 2002; Chen et al, 2012; Kim et al, 2001; Zhang et al, 2004). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of immune genes on chromosome 6p21.3–22.1 in schizophrenia

Sinkus

Adams

Logel

et al. 2013

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

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Schizophrenia is a common mental illness with a large genetic component. Three genome-wide association studies have implicated the major histocompatibility complex gene region on chromosome 6p21.3-22.1 in schizophrenia. In addition, nicotine, which is commonly abused in schizophrenia, affects the expression of central nervous system immune genes. Messenger RNA levels for genes in the 6p21.3-22.1 region were measured in human postmortem hippocampus of 89 subjects. The effects of schizophrenia diagnosis, smoking and systemic inflammatory illness were compared. Cell-specific expression patterns for the class I major histocompatibility complex gene HLA-A were explored utilizing in situ hybridization. Expression of five genes was altered in schizophrenic subjects. Messenger RNA levels for the class I major histocompatibility complex antigen HLA-B were increased in schizophrenic nonsmokers, while levels for smokers were indistinguishable from those of controls. β2 microglobulin, HLA-A and Notch4 were all expressed in a pattern where inflammatory illness was associated with increased expression in controls but not in subjects with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia was also associated with increased expression of Butyrophilin 2A2. HLA-A was expressed in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the dentate gyrus, hilus, and the stratum pyramidale of the CA1-CA4 regions of the hippocampus, but not in astrocytes. In conclusion, the expression of genes from the major histocompatibility complex region of chromosome 6 with likely roles in synaptic development is altered in schizophrenia. There were also significant interactions between schizophrenia diagnosis and both inflammatory illness and smoking.

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Risperidone modulates the cytokine and chemokine release of dendritic cells and induces TNF-α-directed cell apoptosis in neutrophils

Cited by 51 publications

References 43 publications

Altered IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia

Altered IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia

Haloperidol and Risperidone at high concentrations activate an in vitro inflammatory response of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by induction of apoptosis and modification of cytokine levels

Expression of immune genes on chromosome 6p21.3–22.1 in schizophrenia

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