Antioxidants Application Enhances Regeneration and Conversion of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Somatic Embryos

Abstract

Many embryogenic systems have been designed to generate somatic embryos (SEs) with the morphology, biochemistry, and vigor uniformity of zygotic embryos (ZEs). During the current investigation, several antioxidants were added to the maturation media of the developing somatic embryos of date palm. Explant material was a friable embryogenic callus that was placed in maturation media containing ABA at 0.5 mg L−1, 5 g L−1 polyethylene glycol, and 10 g L−1 phytagel. Furthermore, α-tocopherol or reduced glutathione (GSH) were used separately at (25 and 50 mg L−1). These treatments were compared to a widely used date palm combination of reduced ascorbic acid (ASC) and citric acid at 150 and 100 mg L−1, respectively, and to the medium free from any antioxidants. The relative growth percentage of embryogenic callus (EC), globularization degree, differentiation%, and SEs number were significantly increased with GSH (50 mg L−1). Additionally, the latter treatment significantly enhanced the conversion% of SEs and the number of secondary somatic embryos (SSEs). ASC and citric acid treatment increased leaf length, while α-tochopherol (50 mg L−1) elevated the number of leaves plantlet−1. GSH at 50 mg L−1 catalyzed the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in EC and enhanced the accumulation of proteins in SEs.

Mn3O4 Nanoparticles Alleviate ROS‐Inhibited Root Apex Mitosis Activities to Improve Maize Drought Tolerance

“…The maturation medium of somatic embryos containing the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) (50 mg L −1 ) significantly increased the relative growth percentage of embryogenic callus. [ 14 ] Pretreatment of barley seeds with l ‐carnitine alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress on chromosome structure, and it was expected to be used as a plant growth promoter and mitosis stimulator. [ 15 ] Nevertheless, exogenous application of antioxidant substances still has limitations such as short timeliness, low utilization rate, low economic return rate, and environmental pollution.…”

Exogenous Glutathione Promotes the Proliferation of Pinus koraiensis Embryonic Cells and the Synthesis of Glutathione and Ascorbic Acid

“…Cellular antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and ascorbic acid (ASA)/dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) play an important role in many biological processes, including cell division and differentiation, and can impact the process of SE through changes in cellular reduction oxidation (redox) status [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. For example, GSH increased the relative growth in the EC of date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera ) [ 22 ]. In white spruce ( Picea glauca ), regulation of the redox status of the SE medium by application of exogenous GSH or GSSG promoted a dramatic increase in both EC proliferation (25% by weight) and the number of early filamentous embryos, accompanied by an increase in ATP and nucleotide production.…”