Antioxidant, α‐Glucosidase and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Bioactive Compounds From Maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract

Chemical investigations into maize (Zea mays L.) kernels yielded phenolic compounds, which were structurally established using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The isolated phenolic compounds from maize kernel were examined in vitro for their antioxidant abilities by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazine) radical, OH radical scavenging activity, and reducing ability, along with α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition. The isolated maize phenolics revealed significant xanthine oxidase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity to that of allopurinol and acarbose in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The kinetics study with xanthine oxidase revealed competitive type of inhibition by isolated maize vanillic acid (M2), ferulic acid (M5), 3'-methoxyhirsutrin (M7), and peonidin-3-glucoside (M10) as compared to control allopurinol. Overall, with few exceptions, all the phenolic compounds from maize kernel revealed significant biological activities with all parameters examined. Also, the phenolic compounds from maize were found to be more reactive toward DPPH radical and had considerable reducing ability and OH radical scavenging activity. These findings suggest that maize kernel phenolic compounds can be considered as potential antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and XO inhibitory agents those might be further explored for the design of lead antioxidant, antidiabetic and antigout drug candidates using in vivo trials.

Structure–activity relationship of immunomodulating pectins from elderberries

“…In our experiments, protocatechuic acid showed higher inhibitory activity compared to other reports [144,145]. Interestingly, protocatechuic acid was highly potent as α-glucosidase inhibitor, as opposed to the results by Schäfer and Högger [146], who reported protocatechuic acid to be inactive.…”

Antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory activity of natural plant flavonoids and their synthesized derivatives

“…Screening for XO inhibition activity using these flavonoids displayed significant inhibitory activity in a concentrationdependent manner (Table 4 attract a significant curiosity and scientific demand by research scientist for utilization as possible therapeutic agents against various disorders and diseases mediated by active free radicals. [18,19] Phenolics and flavonoids may acts as potent inhibitors against the metabolic enzymes such as cyclooxygenase, XO, and lipoxygenase. [23] Thus, the phenolics and flavonoids may play an essential role in the inhibition of XO and these XO inhibitors and uricosuric agents are commonly used against the treatment and curing of inflammatory diseases and gouty arthritis.…”

“…[16,17] The naturally occurring phytochemicals including various flavonoids and their derivatives occurred in a great variety of fruits, vegetables, and plants had to be with promising and potent inhibitory effects against urease and XO. [18,19] Thus, the design and synthesis of new effective flavonoid derivatives are an interesting strategy for the research on bioactive drugs. Here, a series of flavonoid derivatives were synthesized using luteolin, apigenin, chrysin, and diosmetin corresponding naturally occurring flavonoids.…”

The Effect of <i>Yokukansan</i>, a Traditional Herbal Preparation Used for the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia, on the Drug–Metabolizing Enzyme Activities in Healthy Male Volunteers

“…[14][15][16][17][18][19] Safrole, isosafrole and liquiritigenin (essential constituents of Japanese Angelica root or Glycyrrhiza, which are components of YKS) have been shown Biol. Pharm.…”

“…YKS consists of seven herbs, i.e., Atractylodes lancea rhizome, Poria sclerotium, Cnidium rhizome, Uncaria hook, Japanese Angelica root, Bupleurum root and Glycyrrhiza. 10) Several of the components of YKS have been reported to be associated with the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in vitro, including CYP2D6, CYP3A and/or CYP1A2 [14][15][16][17][18][19] (see Supple-mentary Table 1). For example, Angelica root, Glycyrrhiza root and Cnidium rhizome have been shown to inhibit the activity of CYP3A4 in vitro.…”