Antioxidant Functionalized Nanoparticles: A Combat against Oxidative Stress

Abstract

<jats:p>Numerous abiotic stresses trigger the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are highly toxic and reactive. These ROS are known to cause damage to carbohydrates, DNA, lipids and proteins, and build the oxidative stress and results in the induction of various diseases. To resolve this issue, antioxidants molecules have gained significant attention to scavenge these free radicals and ROS. However, poor absorption ability, difficulty in crossing the cell membranes and degradation of these antioxidants during delivery are the few challenges associated with both natural and synthetic antioxidants that limit their bioavailability. Moreover, the use of nanoparticles as an antioxidant is overlooked, and is limited to a few nanomaterials. To address these issues, antioxidant functionalized nanoparticles derived from various biological origin have emerged as an important alternative, because of properties like biocompatibility, high stability and targeted delivery. Algae, bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants are known as the producers of diverse secondary metabolites and phenolic compounds with extraordinary antioxidant properties. Hence, these compounds could be used in amalgamation with biogenic derived nanoparticles (NPs) for better antioxidant potential. This review intends to increase our knowledge about the antioxidant functionalized nanoparticles and the mechanism by which antioxidants empower nanoparticles to combat oxidative stress.</jats:p>

Fruit Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: A New Avenue in Pomology Applications

“…In recent years, Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained substantial attention owing to their biocompatibility, optical and physical (shape and size) properties [ 73 ]. AuNPs of diverse morphology and varied size are extensively employed in medicine for different purposes such as for the detection of tumours, as a drug carrier, etc.…”

“…AuNPs of diverse morphology and varied size are extensively employed in medicine for different purposes such as for the detection of tumours, as a drug carrier, etc. [ 73 ]. The AuNPs derived from fruits has been listed along with various applications in Table 4 .…”

“…Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have also gained significant attention due to their biochemical and catalytic activity owing to their large surface area in contrast to other particles with analogous chemical structures [ 73 ]. Synthesis of AgNPs occurs in two steps: in the first step, Ag + ions are reduced to Ag °, and in the second step, clustering of colloidal AgNPs take place to form oligomeric clusters which finally gets stabilized [ 73 ]. The reduction of Ag + ions requires biological catalysts, i.e., enzymes, which are obtained from different biological sources like microbes, fruits extracts, plants, etc.…”

Plant Fortification of the Diet for Anti-Ageing Effects: A Review

“…However, the excessive production of free radicals has detrimental effects on DNA, collagen, elastin and blood vessels [ 38 ]. Oxidative damage to different biomolecules, such as DNA, macromolecules and proteins, takes place over time [ 39 ]. It is considered a significant factor, but is not the only factor responsible for ageing [ 40 ].…”

Advances in Nanomaterials in Biomedicine

“…Thus, the effect of NPs can lead to the disruption of cellular intermolecular interactions, in particular, to enhance the processes of peroxidation, which play an important role in stress development. However, it is well known that a poison can be a medicine, and vice versa, and Kumar with co-authors in their paper [ 7 ] reviewed the possibility of using various nanomaterials as anti-stress agents. Having shown the role of peroxide reactions in the development of various diseases, the authors move on to the analysis of antioxidants and the possible use of NPs, including metallic, to combat oxidative stress.…”