Antioxidant, Free Radical–Scavenging, and NF-κB–Inhibitory Activities of Phytosteryl Ferulates: Structure–Activity Studies

Abstract

Abstract. Some of the pharmacological properties of phytosteryl ferulates may be linked to their antioxidant potential. In this study, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), electron spin resonance (ESR), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assays demonstrated that phytosteryl ferulates such as cycloartenyl ferulate (CAF), 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate (24-mCAF), and β-sitosteryl ferulate (β-SF) and ferulic acid (FA) each exerted strong free radical scavenging and antioxidation of lipid membrane, which were comparable to α-tocopherol. However, the sterol moiety alone, such as cycloartenol (CA), had neither activity. Since, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the cell complex defense mechanism cannot be ruled out with the cell free system, we measured ROS production in NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells induced by H 2 O 2 . CAF and ethyl ferulate (eFA) greatly decreased the ROS level in this system. CA also significantly inhibited the ROS level, suggesting that CA could inhibit ROS production in living cells. Besides these, CAF, 24-mCAF, β-SF, as well as eFA and CA, all these chemicals significantly inhibited the NF-κB activity as analyzed by measuring translocation of NF-κB p65 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These observations revealed that phytosteryl ferulates are responsible for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity via ROS scavenging and inhibition of ROS production.

Plant Food Extracts as Source of Bioactive Compounds for Prevention of Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Dysfunction in Rats

“…It has been reported that phenolic compounds have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and free radicals scavenging activity [Visioli et al, 2011]. It was also observed that petroleum ether extract of the studied plants contained important phytosterols that have been shown previously to possess both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity [Islam et al, 2009;Tan & Shahidi, 2011]. Also these non polar extracts were shown in the present study to contain high content of unsaturated fatty acids, from which linolenic (n3 fatty acid) that was present in the highest level in coriander and which was shown previously to possess antiinflammatory activity [Saha & Ghosh, 2011].…”

The Molecular Basis for the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Curcumin and Its Metabolites in Relation to Cancer

“…These catabolites may therefore elicit anticancer effects in various phases of cancer biology. Ferulic acid has been shown to specifically deter lipid peroxidation in lipid-rich egg yolk homogenates (Islam et al, 2009), rat kidneys (Jung et al, 2009), plasma (Balakrishnan et al, 2008), and isolated liver microsomal membranes, especially in synergy with endogenous antioxidants such as a-tocopherol and b-carotene (Trombino et al, 2004). Peroxidized lipids and their reactive aldehyde derivatives such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and malondialdehyde are known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic (Tudek et al, 2010) due to their DNA adduct-forming propensity (Voulgaridou et al, 2011).…”

Methanol Extract of <i>Myelophycus caespitosus</i> Inhibits the Inflammatory Response in Lipopolysaccharidestimulated BV2 Microglial Cells by Downregulating NF-kB via Inhibition of the Akt Signaling Pathway

“…These data demonstrate the potential of MEMC as a pharmaceutical agent for LPS-induced inflammatory disease. Nevertheless, recent studies showed that mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are effector molecules that regulate NF-κB-dependent inflammatory reactions [20,21], although the role of ROS in NF-κB regulation remains controversial [22]. In addition, the transcription factor, AP-1, is also involved in the regulation of inflammation-associated gene expression in LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages [23].…”