Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Oil Palm Seedlings Treated with Combination of NPK Fertilizers Infected withGanoderma boninense

Abstract

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is one of the major sources of edible oil. Reducing the effect of Ganoderma, main cause of basal stem rot (BSR) on oil palm, is the main propose of this study. Understanding the oil palm defense mechanism against Ganoderma infection through monitoring changes in the secondary metabolite compounds levels before/after infection by Ganoderma under different fertilizing treatment is required. Oil palm requires macro- and microelements for growth and yield. Manipulating the nutrient for oil palm is a method to control the disease. The 3-4-month-old oil palm seedlings were given different macronutrient treatments to evaluate induction of defense related enzymes and production of secondary metabolite compounds in response to G. boninense inoculation. The observed trend of changes in the infected and uninfected seedlings was a slightly higher activity for β-1,3-glucanases, chitinase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase during the process of pathogenesis. It was found that PR proteins gave positive response to the interaction between oil palm seedlings and Ganoderma infection. Although the responses were activated systematically, they were short-lasting as the changes in enzymes activities appeared before the occurrence of visible symptoms. Effect of different nutrients doses was obviously observed among the results of the secondary metabolite compounds. Many identified/unidentified metabolite compounds were presented, of which some were involved in plant cell defense mechanism against pathogens, mostly belonging to alkaloids with bitter-tasting nitrogenous-compounds, and some had the potential to be used as new markers to detect basal stem rot at the initial step of disease.

Kajian Metabolit Sebagai Pendukung Program Pemuliaan Kelapa Sawit

“…Hasil analisis kromatografi gas menunjukkan bahwa senyawa steroid dan derivat asam lemak berlimpah pada akar kelapa sawit yang diinfeksikan dengan isolat Ganoderma (Isha et al, 2020). Enzimenzim antioksidan seperti β-1,3-glucanases, chitinase, peroxidase, dan phenylalanine ammonia-lyase juga ditemukan meningkat aktivitasnya selama infeksi Ganoderma (Sahebi et al, 2018). Nusaibah et al (2016) mengkonfirmasi peningkatan level golongan lipid dan alkaloid tertentu pada akar bibit kelapa sawit yang resisten Ganoderma.…”

Screening of Burkholderia spp. from oil palm plantation with antagonistic properties against Ganoderma boninense

“…Glucanase was also reported to be produced by an Indonesian strain of B. cepacia BiogenCC E76 isolated from rice plants with antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Manzila et al 2015). Moreover, chitinase, glucanase, peroxidase (POX), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) are examples of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) commonly involved in host defense mechanism by oil palm (Sahebi et al 2018). Another approach is to introduce the harmless or endophytic strains of Burkholderia into root environment to induce systemic resistance in oil palm through increased genetic expression of PRPs to combat the G. boninense infection (Hushiarian et al 2013).…”

Attractiveness preferences of Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust. to different composition volatile organic compounds of female inflorescence on clay, sandy, and peat soil type

“…Plant physiological characteristics, like the levels of some compounds in the secondary metabolism, have a crucial relationship to nutrient status [9]. Some increase with nutrient deficiencies but decrease, whereas others can increase by adding nutrients [10].…”