Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antidiabetic Potential, and In silico Analysis of Rhus chinensis from Western Nepal

Abstract

Background: Rhus chinensis Mill, indigenous wild fruit primarily found in the hilly region of Nepal. The ripe fruit is very sour and considered medicinal as a remedy for colic pain. In addition, their astringent and styptic qualities are used internally to treat illnesses such as diarrhea and hemorrhage. Also, they are used as a common component of polyherbal medications for diabetic mellitus. Objectives: This work aimed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant, antibacterial, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibition activity of the crude extract and fractions of Rhus chinensis Mill. Additionally, molecular docking of compounds from Rhus chinensis was performed. Methods: Folin Ciocalteu’s (FC) reagent was used for the estimation of total phenolic content. Likewise, the aluminium trichloride method was applied for the determination of total flavonoid content. For the antioxidant activity, a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay was performed. Furthermore, the substrate-based enzyme inhibition assay was carried out for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activity of R. chinensis. P-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG) and 2-Chloro-4-Nitrophenyl-α-D-Maltotrioside (CNPG3) were used as substrates for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assay, respectively. Similarly, the well-diffusion method was used for the antibacterial activity. Autodock vina was used to perform the molecular docking. Results: The total phenolic and flavonoid content of R. chinensis fruit were found 117.092±1.1 mg GAE/g and 62.41±1.23 mg QE/g, respectively. The IC50 value for antioxidant activity of the crude extract and its fractions ranged from 3.12±1.15μg/mL to 50.85±2.10μg/mL. Similarly, the IC50 for α-glucosidase inhibition ranged from2.33±1.01µg/mL to 28.34±2.79μg/mL. Likewise, The IC50 of R. chinensis crude methanolic extract against α-amylase was 120.3±1.382µg/mL. The antibacterial activity of R. chinensis was effective against gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI=11.0) and Bacillus subtilis (ZOI=9.0). Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and Myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside showed excellent binding to the active site of protein with binding energy -9.4kcal/mol and -9.6kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion: Rhus chinensis Mill is a potent antioxidant and inhibits enzymes; α-glucosidase and α-amylase. In addition, the methanolic extract of this plant shows antibacterial activity. However, further research is required to determine the inhibiting compounds.

α‑Glucosidase and α‑amylase Inhibitory assay of Fractions and Crude Extract of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH) Activity

“…It is possible that the phytol in it is specifically responsible for its anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic capabilities, which were strongly elicited in this investigation. Although it has been shown that 2-hexadecyloxirane and stearic acid have good potentials as antioxidants, [16] the antioxidant and hypoglycemic actions of phytol have also been described [17]. It is possible that the existence of these identified bioactive elements in Zingiber officinale (ginger) is to blame for the evoked potential seen in this investigation.…”

Identification and pathogenicity of multidrug‐resistantElizabethkingia miricolaisolated from farmed American bullfrogsRana catesbeianain China with in vitro screening of herbal antimicrobial agents

“…Herbal plants are a rich source of medicinal compounds and natural antimicrobial substances (Sher 2009; Zhu 2020). Some Chinese herbs, such as the mum Chrysanthemum morifolium , Baikal skullcap Scutellaria baicalensis , butterfly needle Bidens alba , C. sappan , and R. chinensis , have strong antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus , S. agalactiae , A. hydrophila , Vibrio alginolyticus , and other common pathogens in food and aquaculture (Srinivasan et al 2012; Han and Bhat 2014; Guo et al 2019; Ding et al 2021; Fan et al 2021; Dhakal et al 2022; Huang et al 2022). In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of 60 herbal ethanol extracts using agar disk diffusion and broth dilution assays.…”

Antioxidant, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibition Activities of Erythropalum scandens Blume

“…α-Glucosidase and α-amylase are the two common hydrolyzing enzymes responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates [4][5][6]. Inhibiting these enzymes, therefore, lessens the rise in postprandial blood glucose levels and has been successfully used to prevent the progression of poor glucose tolerance to T2DM [7][8][9][10].…”