Antioxidant, Anti-Lung Cancer, and Anti-Bacterial Activities of Toxicodendron vernicifluum

Abstract

This work tested antioxidant, anti-lung cancer, and antibacterial activities by in vitro, in vivo, and computational experiments for the metabolites extracted from the bark, seed, and stem of Toxicodendron vernicifluum. The results showed that all the extracts significantly scavenged 1,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in a dose-dependent manner. But, the total phenol content (TPC) ranged from 2.12 to 89.25% and total flavonoids content (TFC) ranged from 1.02 to 15.62% in the extracts. The methanolic bark extract (MBE) exhibited higher DPPH scavenging activity than the other extracts, probably due to the higher content of the TPC and TFC present in it. Among the extracts, only the MBE showed anti-lung cancer activity at an acceptable level with a therapeutic index value (22.26) against human lung carcinoma. This was due to the cancer cell death in A549 induced by MBE through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, and cell arrest in G1 phase and inhibition of anti-pro-apoptotic protein survivin. Among the extracts, MBE showed significantly higher antibacterial activity as evident through the higher zone of inhibition 13 ± 0.5 mm against methycilin resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Salmonila enteria subp. enterica, and P. aeruginosa, 11 ± 0.3 mm against E. coli and 10 ± 0.2 mm against B. cereus. The MBE also showed an excellent antibacterial activity with lower minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Particularly, the MBE showed more significant antibacterial activity in MRSA. The in vivo antibacterial activity of the MBE was further tested in C. elegans model. The treatment of the MRSA induced cell disruption, damage and increased mortality of C. elegans as compared to the untreated and MBE treated C. elegans with normal OP50 diet. Moreover, the MBE treatment enhanced the survival of the MRSA infected C. elegans. The compounds, such as 2,3,3-trimethyl-Octane and benzoic from the MBE, metabolized the novel bacterial topoisomerases inhibitor (NBTI) and MRSA related protein (PBP2a). Overall the T. vernicifluum is potentially bioactive as evident by antioxidant, anti-lung cancer, and antibacterial assays. Further studies were targeted on the purification of the novel compounds for the clinical evaluation.

Camellia japonica Essential Oil Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanin Production and Tyrosinase Activity in B16F10 Melanoma Cells

“…e CJS-EO investigated in this study was primarily composed of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, which constituted 42.36% of the total chemical content. Toxicodendron vernicifluum containing hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane has been shown to exhibit various biological and pharmacological activities, including central, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities [37]. In our study, high concentrations of CJS-EO indicated only slight cytotoxic effects on melanocytes.…”

Antibacterial activities of volatile compounds in cereals and cereal by‐products

“…The presence of various compounds in hexane extracts of GM, YM, CC, and RB could also contribute synergistically to the inhibition of protein expression in bacterial cells leading to cell death. Recently, DNA gyrase inhibitor, novel bacteria topoisomerase inhibitors (NBTIs) has been discovered as potential target together with bacterial protein topoisomerases II and IV for inhibiting bacteria growth and developing novel antibacterial agents (Franco‐Ulloa et al., 2018; Saravanakumar et al., 2019). This work showed the antibacterial potency of di‐tert‐butylbenzene, cyclododecane, and 3,5‐dimethylbenzaldehyde from cereals and their by‐products.…”

“…Computer‐based molecular docking method was performed to identify the main compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity of hexane extracts of GM, YM, CC, and RB samples based on their possible binding mode and theoretical affinity toward four chained structured binding protein of bacterial type II topoisomerase (4PLB) and Lipoprotein X complex (LpxC)‐ UDP‐3‐O‐(R‐3‐hydroxymyristoyl)‐N‐acetylglucosamine deacetylase. Molecular interactions between the extract compounds (ligands) and targeted protein (receptor) and their molecular docking score (Kcal/mol) were analyzed using Argus Lab 4.0.1 (Mark Thompson and Planaria Software LLC) and BIOVIA Discovery studio 2016 (Accelrys Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) (Saravanakumar et al., 2019).…”

Toxicodendron vernicifluum Stokes extract inhibits solid tumor growth and lung metastasis of 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells in BALB/c mice

“…Toxicodendron vernicifluum Stokes (TVS) was found to contain a number of bioactive phytochemicals, including alkaloids, polyphenols and flavonoids [12]. Previous research has shown that TVS extract has antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Despite the beneficial pharmacological effects of TVS, its use has been somewhat limited due to the presence of urushiol an allergenic substance, that is a mixture of several derivatives of catechol.…”