Antioxidant and phytometabolite profiles of ethanolic extract from the cascara pulp of Coffea arabica collected from Gayo Highland: A study for potential photoaging agent

Abstract

Background: As the most abundant coffee by-product, cascara pulp has been considered a good source of antioxidants which could be used to prevent photoaging. The aim of this study was to determine the phytometabolite profiles, antioxidant and photoaging properties of the ethanolic extract of Coffea arabica cascara pulp. Methods: Ethanolic maceration was performed on the fine powder of C. arabica cascara pulp collected from Gayo Highland, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The filtrate obtained was evaluated for its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). The phytometabolite profiling was conducted qualitatively using reagents and quantitatively using gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The potential of the cascara pulp phytometabolites in inhibiting activator protein-1 (AP-1) was evaluated through molecular docking. Results: The extract had TPC and TFC of 2.04 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 91.81 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the DPPH inhibition reached as low as 9.59 mg/L. Qualitative phytocompound screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, quinones, polyphenols, and triterpenoids. GC-MS revealed the extract containing 5-hydroxy-methylfurfural (22.31%); 2,5 dimethyl 4 hidroxy 3(2H) furanone (0.74%); and caffeine (21.07%), which could form interaction with AP-1 with binding energies of -172.8, -150.8, and -63.188 kJ/mol, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract from C. arabica cascara pulp potentially have anti-photoaging properties which is worthy for further investigations in the future.

Combination of coffee peel from Gayo arabica extract and patchouli from South Aceh as antioxidants : gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) studies

“…Of the ten antioxidant compound components, there are three compound components with the greatest content, namely 5hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), caffeine, and DDMP. [6] Previous research related to the activity of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Bent) of the Tapak Tuan variety, in the GCMS examination results, there were dominant compound components produced in patchouli, namely Patchouli alcohol (PA); δ-guaiene; 2-methyl-3-isopropenyl cyclohexanol; and 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8ahexa hydro-4, 8adimethyl -6 -(1-methyl ethenyl)-2 (1H) naphthalenone; where the component of this compound that has activity as an antioxidant is the compound PA. [5] In this study, using a combination of 10% Gayo arabica coffee peel extract and 1% patchouli from South Aceh, namely 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) (23.68 %), hexadecanoic acid (CAS) Palmitic acid (11.40%), caffeine (5.72%), n-hexadecanoic acid (4.07%), QUINIC ACID (3.03%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) (1.94%), 2-furancarboxal dehyde, 5-methyl (1.74%), 2,4-Dihydroxy-2, 5 -dimethyl -3 (2H) -furan -3-one (0.99%), Orcinol (0.77%), 2,3-Dihydro-5 -hydroxy -6 -methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (0.26%), and 2,3-Dihydro-3, 5 -dihydroxy -6 -methyl -4H -pyran -4 -one (DDMP) (1.49%).…”

“…This research used 10 % coffee peel extract and 1% patchouli extract because there are high antioxidants in coffee skin extract with a concentration of 10% and the use of pacthouli extract 1% because this concentration meets the requirements physical evaluation of pH levels, aroma and color. [6]…”