Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Activities of a Submerged Culture of Cordyceps sinensis Using Spent Coffee

Abstract

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are inexpensive materials that have been used as a source of antioxidants and polysaccharides with immunostimulatory activity. In this study, we performed a microbial fermentation of SCG using Cordyceps sinensis and investigated the radical scavenging and immunostimulatory activity of fermented SCG. SCG fermentation using C. sinensis was performed at 25 °C for 8 d. The polyphenol content of the fermented SCG increased from 1022.4 to 1562.0 μg/mL. The glucosamine content of the mycelia also continuously increased during fermentation. The main polyphenol compounds of fermented SCG were chlorogenic acid and p-coumaric acid, which were increased by fermentation. Fermented SCG also showed significantly higher content of chlorogenic acid isomers than unfermented SCG. The fermented SCG exhibited significantly higher 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (half maximal inhibitory concentration: IC50, 0.37 mg/mL) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (IC50, 0.93 mg/mL) radical scavenging activities than those of the control (0.54 mg/mL and 1.20 mg/mL, respectively; p < 0.05). The fermented SCG stimulated macrophages and promoted the production of various immunostimulatory cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-α) compared to control; therefore, microbial fermentation of SCG using C. sinensis is an effective means of generating antioxidant and immunostimulatory materials.

Transcriptome and metabonomics combined analysis revealed the energy supply mechanism involved in fruiting body initiation in Chinese cordyceps

“…The rapid accumulation of these sugars in the medium at S2 stage might afford enough nutrients and energy by glycolytic pathway. The similar accumulation pattern of sugar has been also reported in other fungus 38 , 39 . However, the pyruvate produced only by glycolysis pathway was insufficient to supply the capacity for fruiting bodies initiation to initiate into the TCA cycle.…”

“…7 ). Some studies have demonstrated that phenols in Chinese cordyceps have strong antioxidant and anti-cytotoxic potential during its development process 37 , 38 . So we inferred it might be as antioxidant and immunoactivator to enhance antioxidant capacity and immune-stimulating activities after primordium formated in Chinese cordyceps.…”

Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes and Residues through the Production of Bioactive Compounds by Macrofungi in Liquid State Cultures: Growing Circular Economy

“…H. erinaceus cultures in BSG produced 7.7 g/L of biomass rich in the valuable secondary metabolite erinacine C (175 mg/g) [212], and T. versicolor generated high laccase activity (560 U/L) and biomass with total polyphenols content of 3% [213]. Spent coffee grounds have been valorized in liquid cultures of C. sinensis, resulting in biomass with satisfying glucosamine content (140.3 µg/mL) and antioxidant activity [215].…”

Governance of the business environment based on food safety disputes: empirical analysis based on the case of “Cordyceps sinensis”

“…One of the possible reasons is that the lawyers are bound by rules and regulations, together with the fact that most of the lawyers are educated at the undergraduate level or below, and lack scientific knowledge. For example, in 2016, the State Food and Drug Administration issued a consumer risk alert "CS, the pure powder tablets of CS, powder products of CS arsenic content of 4.4-9.9 mg/Kg, more than the relevant expert analysis and research health food safety standards arsenic maximum limit value of 1 mg/Kg, " the respondent lacks the spirit of questioning, so he is unable to propose that the "arsenic content" of the nutrient solution "extracting the nutrients of CS" needs to be tested and identified in order to know the scientific nature of whether it exceeds the standard; the second reason is that the respondents are less educated and cannot distinguish the difference between the two, For example, the respondent does not understand the essential difference between "extracting the nutrients of CS" and "CS" as a traditional Chinese medicine, so it is impossible to conclude that the two are different materials; the third reason is that the differences mentioned in the pleadings are not accepted by the (Kai et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2021;Fang et al, 2021;Han et al, 2021;Li et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2021), and does not define the precious Chinese herbal medicine CS as a "toxic" substance, but actively researches and develops it, and the Tibet Autonomous Region, since the beginning, is still in the normal research and development stage. It is not in line with the scientific logic and the spirit of the national administrative documents to look at the "consumer risk alert issued by the State Food and Drug Administration in 2016″ in isolation.…”