Antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of Ganoderma lucidum

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and antimicrobial activities of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom collected in Oguzeli region (Gaziantep province, Turkey). Rel Assay Diagnostics kits were used to determine TAS, TOS and OSI levels. Antimicrobial activity was determined using 9 different bacteria and fungi (Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida glabrata) using modified agar dilution method. The study findings demonstrated that G. lucidum had high antioxidant potential. Antimicrobial activity of the mushroom was also found to be normal. Thus, the consumption of G. lucidum as a natural source of antioxidants and an antimicrobial resource could be suggested.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of mycelial extracts of Hohenbuehelia myxotricha grown in different liquid culture media

“…Singer culture liquids (Suay et al 2000 ). It is important to note that the effective concentrations of H. myxotricha mycelial extract against all the tested pathogens were lower than those of L. tigrinus (Sevindik, 2018a ), Ganoderma lucidum (Bal, 2019 ), and Lactifluus rugatus (Sevindik, 2020 ) mushrooms. Previous studies have shown that the different extracts of L. tigrinus caprophores were effective against S. aureus (MIC values: 200 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 200 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 800 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), MRSA (MIC values: 200 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 400 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 800 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), E. faecalis (MIC values: 200 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 200 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 800 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), E. coli and P. aeruginosa (MIC value: 880 μg/ml for ethanol extract), C. albicans (MIC values: 400 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 800 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 800 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), C. glabrata (MIC values: 100 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 200 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 400 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), and C. krusei (MIC values: 200 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 200 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 400 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract) (Sevindik, 2018a ).…”

“…Previous studies have shown that the different extracts of L. tigrinus caprophores were effective against S. aureus (MIC values: 200 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 200 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 800 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), MRSA (MIC values: 200 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 400 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 800 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), E. faecalis (MIC values: 200 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 200 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 800 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), E. coli and P. aeruginosa (MIC value: 880 μg/ml for ethanol extract), C. albicans (MIC values: 400 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 800 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 800 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), C. glabrata (MIC values: 100 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 200 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 400 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), and C. krusei (MIC values: 200 μg/ml for ethanol extract, 200 μg/ml for methanol extract, and 400 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract) (Sevindik, 2018a ). The methanolic extract of G. lucidum fruiting bodies also possessed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and MRSA (both MIC 200 μg/ml), C. albicans and C. krusei (both MIC 50 μg/ml), and C. glabrata (MIC 100 μg/ml) (Bal, 2019 ). The extracts of L. rugatus fruiting bodies exhibited activities against S. aureus and MRSA (MIC values: 100 μg/ml for methanol extract and 200 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), E. faecalis (MIC values: 100 μg/ml for methanol extract and 400 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), E. coli (MIC values: 200 μg/ml methanol extract, 400 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii (MIC values: 50 μg/ml for methanol extract and 200 μg/ml for dichloromethane extract), and C. albicans , C. glabrata , and C. krusei (MIC value: 1000 μg/ml for methanol and dichloromethane extracts) (Sevindik, 2020 ).…”

“…Differences in the antioxidant activity of the cultivated fungus Pleurotus citrinopileatus , depending on the content of the substrate used for growth, was also reported previously (Gürgen et al, 2020 ). The technique used in this work for assessing the antioxidant and oxidative potential has been successfully tested for fruiting bodies of different species of Basidiomycetes belonging to various ecological and systematic groups (Akgül et al, 2016 ; Sevindik et al, 2016; Akgül et al, 2017 ; Bal et al, 2017 , 2019a ; Sevindik, 2018a ; Sevindik et al, 2018a , b , c ; Sevindik, 2019 , 2019a ; Bal, 2019 ; Gürgen et al, 2020 ; Krupodorova and Sevindik, 2020 ; Mushtaq et al, 2020 ; Sevindik, 2020 ; Sevindik et al, 2020 , 2020b). It was found that the TAS values of the mycelia extracts of H. myxotricha grown in SDB (TAS 5.416 mmol/l) and GPY (TAS 4.549 mmol/l) media were higher than those of wild-type Macrolepiota procera (2.805 mmol/l) (Akgül et al, 2016 ), Ompholatus olearius (2.827 mmol/l) (Sevindik et al, 2016), Auricularia auricula (1.010 mmol/l), Trametes versicolor (0.820 mmol/l) (Akgül et al, 2017 ), Daedalea quercina (0.312 mmol/l), Inonotus hispidus (2.922 mmol/l), Fomes fomentarius (3.270 mmol/l), Fuscoporia torulosa (4.033 mmol/l), Trametes gibbosa (0.590 mmol/l), Trichaptum biforme (0.802 mmol/l) (Bal et al, 2017 ), Gyrodon lividus (2.077 mmol/l) (Bal 2018 ), L. tigrinus (1.748 mmol/l) (Sevindik, 2018a ), Cyclocybe cylindracea (4.325 mmol/l) (Sevindik et al, 2018a ), Laetiporus sulphureus (1.748 mmol/l) (Sevindik et al, 2018c ), Cerioporus varius (2.312 mmol/l) (Sevindik, 2019 ), Pholiota limonella (2.378 and 2.263 mmol/l) (Sevindik et al, 2018b ), Lepista nuda (3.102 mmol/l) (Bal et al, 2019 a), Infundibulicybe geotropa (1.854 mmol/l) (Sevindik et al, 2020 ), Octaviania asterosperma (3.410 mmol/l) (Sevindik et al, 2020 b), L. rugatus (3.237 mmol/l) (Sevindik, 2020 ), Suillus granulatus (3.143 mmol/l) (Mushtaq et al, 2020 ), Ramaria stricta (4.223 mmol/l) (Krupodorova and Sevindik,…”

Health Benefits of Ganoderma lucidum as a Medicinal Mushroom

“…Table 1 shows the common pharmacological effects of major bio compounds and various extracts of G. lucidum. Zhou et al, 2007Zhou et al, , 2012Wachtel-Galor et al, 2011;Xu et al, 2011a;Boh, 2013;Cao et al, 2018;Sudheer et al, 2018 Sanodiya et al, 2009;Stojkovic et al, 2014;Bal, 2019;Hleba et al, 2014 Ganoderma presents three characteristics for prevention or treatment of diseases: (1) it does not produce any toxicity or side effects; (2) it does not act on a specific organ and (3) it promotes the improvement of normalization of the organ function (Valverde et al, 2015). Because of its biologically active compounds, modern pharmacological tests have generally demonstrated some important pharmacological effects of G. lucidum such as anxiolytic, anti-angiogenic, antidepressant, antitumor, anticancer, cytotoxic, antimetastatic, hypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antihistaminic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-allergic, antihistaminic, antiradiation, hepatoprotective, chemopreventive, immunomodulating, anti-anemic, anti-androgenic, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antihepatitis, anti-aging, anti-androgenic, anti-arthritic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral anti-HIV, prebiotic, neuro-protective, dermatocosmetic, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, acute gastric ulcer mucoprotective, cytokine production inductive, inhibition of lipid peroxidation/oxidative DNA damage, maintenance of gut health, stimulation of probiotic, urinary tract in men, atherosclerosis, liver and kidney protective, cardiovascular potential activities in addition to other activities against such as fibromyalgia in women, platelet aggregation, and topical sarcoidosis (Zhou et al, 2012;Sanodiya et al, 2009;Deepalakshmi and Mirunalini, 2011;Wachtel-Galor et al, 2011;Boh, 2013;Bishop et al, 2015;Duru and Tel Çayan, 2015;Ferreira et al, 2015;Valverde et al, 2015;Cör et al, 2018;Hapuarachchi et al, 2016aHapuarachchi et al, , b, 2017Hapuarachchi et al, , 2018Khatian and Aslam, 2018;…”

Ameliorating Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on Combined Oral Contraceptive-induced Cardiometabolic Syndrome in Female Guinea Pigs

“…This mushroom is called "Ling Zhi" in Chinese and "Reishi" in Japanese. G. lucidum has been reported to exhibit many biological and pharmacological effects such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antilipidemic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects [13][14][15][16].…”