Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of xanthorrhizol in hippocampal neurons and primary cultured microglia

Abstract

Xanthorrhizol, a natural sesquiterpenoid isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb (Zingiberaceae), has antibacterial activities and protective effects against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the activities of xanthorrhizol as an antioxidant or antiinflammatory agent using neuronal and microglial cells. Xanthorrhizol had potent neuroprotective effects on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the murine hippocampal HT22 cell line. Also, xanthorrhizol inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates. The properties of xanthorrhizol as an antiinflammatory agent were investigated in microglial activation by lipopolysaccharide. It reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and the inducible nitric oxide synthase, which consequently resulted in the reduction of nitric oxide. The production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in activated microglial cells, was reduced by xanthorrhizol. These results suggest that xanthorrhizol could be an effective candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease- and other neurological disease-related ROS and inflammation.

Hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met promote dendritic maturation during hippocampal neuron differentiation via the Akt pathway

“…Cell viability was tested as previously described [28] with the use of a Cell Counting Kit-8 (Dojindo) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, dissociated hippocampal neurons at 3 DIV were treated with 0.25, 1, or 5 μM PHA-665752 or with an equal volume of DMSO for 6 hr or 24 hr, and then incubated with Cell Counting solution for 4 hr at 37°C.…”

Efficient Total Synthesis of Racemic Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes Curcuphenol and Xanthorrhizol Starting from Substituted Acetophenones

“…Curcuphenol (1) exhibits antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Vibrio anguillarum [1] [3], is an inhibitor of gastric H,K-ATPase, and has antitumor, antimalarial, antifungal, and antidiabetes activities [1b] [1c] [7]. Xanthorrhizol (2) inhibits cytochrome P-450 [8], has anticancer activity [9], potent antibacterial activity against a series of Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria [10], and potent in vitro anticandidal activity [11], as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [12]. In accordance with their pharmacological potential, compounds 1 and 2 have attracted particular interest, and many racemic [13] 1 ) and asymmetric [14] 2 ) total syntheses have been reported.…”

Neuroprotective Effect of Curcumin in an Experimental Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

“…12,13 Several studies have indicated a single, high dose of curcumin has protective effects against cerebral ischemia 14,15 and CVS after SAH, and that they are mediated by its antioxidant effect. 3 We hypothesized that multiple doses of curcumin may reduce CVS and neurologic injury via an antioxidant effect and attenuate glutamate-induced neurotoxicity after SAH in rats.…”