Antioxidant and Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Anacardium occidentale L. and Anacardium microcarpum D. Extracts on the Liver of IL‐10 Knockout Mice

Abstract

Background. The Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew) and Anacardium microcarpum D. (cajuí) are plants commonly found in Brazil. They present phytochemical compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extracts from leaves of A. occidentale and A. microcarpum and its effect on the hepatic tissue in experimental knockout models after they received Paracetamol®. Methods. Ethanol extracts from A. occidentale and A. microcarpum leaves were prepared. Total phenolics were determined by Folin–Ciocalteau reagent, and flavonoids are based on the complexation reaction with the aluminum metal, forming a colored complex. Fingerprint HPLC was performed to detect phenolic compounds. Knockout IL-10 mice randomly divided into six groups were used and received the following treatments: G1, only water; G2, A. occidentale extract; G3, A. microcarpum extract; G4, Paracetamol®; G5, Paracetamol® + A. occidentale extract (400 mg/kg); G6, Paracetamol® + A. microcarpum extract (400 mg/kg). Biochemical parameters of the blood and differential count of leukocytes were done. Oxidative markers and histopathological analyses were performed on their liver tissue. Results. Phenolic compounds and total flavonoids were detected in both two extracts analyzed. The HPLC fingerprint detected phenolic acid, gallic acid, and catechin flavonoid in the two extracts. Histopathological analyses of the hepatic tissue permitted evaluation of nuclear increase, sinusoid congestion, and inflammatory infiltrate. A. microcarpum presented more antioxidant activity increasing antioxidant enzyme levels and reducing TBARS and carbonyl protein when compared to the other treatments after exposure to Paracetamol®. Histopathological analyses showed a decrease in the inflammatory infiltrate after treatment with extracts. Conclusion. Our findings indicate that both extracts, especially A. microcarpum, can reduce hepatic damage in knockout mice exposed to paracetamol, indicating the curative power of these extracts reducing lipid peroxidation and in the morphofunctional damage to the liver parenchyma.

Hepatoprotective Native Plants Documented in Brazilian Traditional Medicine Literature: Current Knowledge and Prospects

“…A. occidentale (Anacardiaceae) or ‘ cajueiro ’ is an edible fruit tree that is characteristic of the fields and coastal regions of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, with one report describing the folk use of its barks in the treatment of jaundice [28] . According to Baptista et al., [32] the ethanolic extract of A. occidentale leaves, at a dose of 400 mg/kg, was able to reduce the hepatic damage in knockout mice exposed to acetaminophen intoxication, reducing lipid peroxidation and liver morphological changes, with an absence of toxicity. A presumed anti‐inflammatory action is associated with the abovementioned activities, due to the high concentrations of phenolic compounds found in the extract, including flavonoids and tannins.…”

“…Male IL-10 knockout mice Acetaminophen (500 mg/kg, p.o.) [32] Anacardic acid (500 μg/kg, p.o.) Male C57BL/6 mice Exposure to a high-fat and high-sucrose diet [33] Apocynaceae…”

Antagonistic effectiveness of Anacardium occidentale leaf extract on lead-acetate exposure-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats

“…PbAc was administered to Group 2 at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day, which has been previously associated with organ damage. Group 3 was administered only the extract (400 mg/kg) and was shown to be safe at this level [ 26 ], whereas Groups 4 and 5 were administered varying amounts of A. occidentale leaf extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg/day, respectively) and PbAc. Succimer (10 mg/kg) and PbAc were administered to Group 5.…”

“…The PbAc dosage employed in this investigation was shown to produce tissue toxicity and oxidative damage in rats [ 27 , 28 ]. The A. occidentale leaf extracts concentrations used in this study were based on previous studies [ 26 ]. All the animals in each group were weighed before and after the experiment.…”

Quercetin-Rich Ethanolic Extract of Polygonum odoratum var Pakphai Leaves Decreased Gene Expression and Secretion of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Murine RAW264.7 Macrophages

“…Nowadays, qualitative analysis involving high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS), comprehensive analysis, such as ultrahighperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), and quantitative analysis, such as high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) are rapid and sensitive liquid chromatographic techniques that can be used to identify major chemical components (such as phenolics and flavonoids) and secondary metabolites in natural and extracted plant parts. Accordingly, the obtained samples are tested for toxicity or investigated for their biological and pharmacological activities [8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”