Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Artichoke or Cynara Scolymus L. as Promising Potential Therapeutic in Anemia

Abstract

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a perennial plant native to the southern Mediterranean region of North Africa. Today, artichokes are widely grown around the world and buds of artichokes are used as a vegetable all over the world. This plant is widely used in the traditional medicine. Artichoke has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and countless medicinal properties. Artichoke inhabits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals due to phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds and also suppresses the activation pathway of NF-κB, thereby could reduce oxidative stresses, inflammatory factors, and prevent suppressing red blood cells probably. It has also been suggested for traditional medicine including blood purification, so it can be used for anemia treatment.

Protective effect of chicory and/or artichoke leaves extracts on carbon tetrachloride and gamma‐irradiation‐induced chronic nephrotoxicity in rats

“…97,98 Likewise, the artichoke leaves extract contains biologically active components that increase the body's antioxidant capacity by free radicals scavenging activities, like phenolic acids, and flavonoids, including cynarin, chlorogenic acid, luteolin, apigenin, caffeic acid, quercetin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside, that exhibit potent ROS and free radicals scavenging ability, as well as declining MDA levels. 39 Cynarin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and luteolin are phyto-constituents of ALE that contribute to the antioxidant activity and scavenging of ROS and RNS. 39 ALE exhibits in vivo antioxidant and scavenging activities, whereas ALE declined lipid peroxidation product MDA, protein oxidation, regulated GSH contents, and SOD, GPx, and CAT antioxidant activity in rats.…”

“…39 Cynarin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and luteolin are phyto-constituents of ALE that contribute to the antioxidant activity and scavenging of ROS and RNS. 39 ALE exhibits in vivo antioxidant and scavenging activities, whereas ALE declined lipid peroxidation product MDA, protein oxidation, regulated GSH contents, and SOD, GPx, and CAT antioxidant activity in rats. 99 These phenolic and flavonoid compounds are also responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of ALE, 100 via inhibition of IL-6, and the NF-κB singling pathway, leading to suppressing COX-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity.…”

“…36,37 Moreover, artichokes contain respective amounts of vitamins B complex (biotin, niacin, and pyridoxine), vitamin C, folates, carotenoids, and high levels of some essential elements, such as Na + , K+, manganese (Mn 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), zinc (Zn 2 ), and iron (Fe 3+ ). 38,39 The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a great consequence role in the health and disease of different organs. Wnt protein inspires β-catenin related signaling via several receptors.…”

“…Its antioxidant, scavenging of ROS, anti‐inflammatory and medicinal activities have been attributed to several phytochemical metabolites including polyphenols, cynarin; mono‐ and dicaffeoylquinic(1,3‐di‐ O ‐caffeoylquinic acid), and chlorogenic acid, flavonoids such as luteolin or its glycosides, ferulic acid saponins, inulin, hydroxyl cinnamates‐caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives, sesquiterpenes (grosheimin, cyanoropicrin), and fatty acids 36,37 . Moreover, artichokes contain respective amounts of vitamins B complex (biotin, niacin, and pyridoxine), vitamin C, folates, carotenoids, and high levels of some essential elements, such as Na + , K+, manganese (Mn 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), zinc (Zn 2 ), and iron (Fe 3+ ) 38,39 …”