Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Water-soluble Extracts from Different Parts of Kojongsi Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.)

Abstract

Kojongsi persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) is the major cultivar of dried persimmon in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of water-soluble extracts from the calyx (PCE), peel (PPE) and leaf (PLE) of Kojongsi persimmon. PCE showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In addition, the antioxidant activities (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), nitric oxide and reducing power) of PCE were higher than those of PPE and PLE. Moreover, PCE, PPE and PLE significantly suppressed the production of inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide and prostaglandinE 2 ) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interluekin-1β) by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. PCE showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, these results suggest that the calyx of Kojongsi persimmon may be highly valuable as a natural product owing to its high-quality functional components as well as its-antioxidant, antiinflammatory activities.

Persimmon Leaves: Nutritional, Pharmaceutical, and Industrial Potential—A Review

“…Likewise, flavonoids and terpenoids were identified from the Korean PL and it was found that kaempferol and quercetin derivatives, mainly those with galloyl moieties, exhibited strong antioxidant activities using DPPH and HPLC-ABTS assays [ 16 ]. Furthermore, water-soluble PL extracts showed strong antioxidant activities using DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide (NO), and reducing power assays [ 68 ], whereas methanolic extracts were able to decrease the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) [ 84 ]. Similarly, Li et al [ 75 ] stated that flavonoids of PL decreased MDA production and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hyperlipidemic rats.…”

“…Furthermore, they also inhibited prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and NO production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells, suppressed interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α, and IL-1β levels, and decreased protein expression of iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2. Similarly, water-soluble extracts obtained from PL were a rich source of phenolic compounds, which suppressed the production of inflammatory mediators (NO and PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages [ 68 ].…”

Changes in the Antioxidant Potential of Persimmon Peel Extracts Prepared by Different Extraction Methods

“…Persimmons are generally classified into two groups: sweet (non-astringent) and astringent persimmons, depending on the degree of astringency. Most native cultivars in Korea, such as Kojongsi, Chengdo-Bansi, Dungsi, Sagoksi, Danseongsi, Weolhasi and so on, are astringent persimmons (Jeon et al, 2014).…”

“…The cultivation status of Kojongsi persimmon is 11.5% among all persimmon varieties, but it is known as a special local crop, because most Kojongsi persimmon trees grow in the Gyeongsangnam-do area in Korea (Jeon et al, 2014). Because of its astringent taste, Kojongsi persimmon is processed by drying only the pulp without the peel (gotgam) (Chung et al, 2002).…”

“…Previous studies have evaluated the antioxidative, UVblocking, and anti-inflammatory effects of Kojongsi persimmon (Jeong et al, 2010;Cho et al, 2011a;Cho et al, 2011b;Jeon et al, 2014). However, the antioxidant activity of Kojongsi persimmon peel extracts is still unclear.…”