Antioxidant Activity of Sulfated Seaweeds Polysaccharides by Novel Assisted Extraction

Abstract

Seaweeds have an extremely numerous of species in the world and been able to be divided into several developmental systems. Broadly, three types of seaweeds can be defined according to their color: brown seaweeds, green seaweeds, and red seaweeds. Thousands of years ago, mankind used seaweeds as food and medicine. Seaweed extracts are gaining increasing attention due to their unique composition and the potential for widespread use in industry. A variety of novel (green) extraction techniques have been devised for converting seaweed biomass into seaweed extracts, such as enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), which are capable of extracting seaweeds' biologically active compounds without causing degradation. Seaweed extracts contain compounds, such as carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, oils, fats, and polyunsaturated fatty acids and abundant bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, pigments, and sulfated seaweed polysaccharides (SWP), as well as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, antitumor, antiviral, and hypolipidemic effect. The purpose of this article is to describe the antioxidant activity of SWP of brown seaweeds, green seaweeds, and red seaweeds by novel assisted extraction.

The microwave assisted extraction sway on the features of antioxidant compounds and gelling biopolymers from Mastocarpus stellatus

“…temperature up to 170°C, whereas their content significantly dropped at the highest tested temperature, which suggests some polysaccharides degradation at the highest processing temperatures [25,26]. It should be highlighted that the carbohydrates recovered in soluble extracts treated at 170°C are even higher than those obtained from other similar red seaweeds treated using enzyme-or ultrasound-assisted extraction methods [46].…”

“…Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) is a relatively new, green and scalable process for the recovery of high valuable natural compounds [10,20,21,22], that could also be an attractive alternative for the recovery of hybrid carrageenans or antioxidants from macroalgae [23,24]. MAE allows a fast and uniform extraction, compact equipment, fast start-up, short time, less solvent and energy, which can be explained by the effect of microwaves on molecules by ionic conduction and dipole rotation [25,26]. Some authors [27] studied the microwaveassisted alkaline modification of red seaweed galactans to enhance their gelation behavior, accelerating the reaction several times with respect to that performed with conventional heating [18,23].…”

Advanced Technologies for the Extraction of Marine Brown Algal Polysaccharides

“…PLE is novel extraction technique based on using elevated temperatures and pressures to extract compounds from samples in oxygen and light-free environment, in a short period of time and using less solvent. Elevated temperature allows the sample to become more soluble and achieves a higher diffusion rate, while elevated pressure keeps the solvent below its boiling point [80]. Depending on the solvent used for the extraction and its diverse working conditions, PLE is often called pressurized fluid extraction (PFE), pressurized solvent extraction (PSE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), subcritical water extraction (SWE) or hot water extraction (HWE) [80].…”

“…Elevated temperature allows the sample to become more soluble and achieves a higher diffusion rate, while elevated pressure keeps the solvent below its boiling point [80]. Depending on the solvent used for the extraction and its diverse working conditions, PLE is often called pressurized fluid extraction (PFE), pressurized solvent extraction (PSE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), subcritical water extraction (SWE) or hot water extraction (HWE) [80]. For polysaccharide extraction from brown algae different type of static [81] or dynamic [82][83][84][85] PLE equipment has been used.…”

Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata

“…The MAE open vessels system under atmospheric pressure can be operated at a maximum temperature determined by the boiling point of the solvents [ 10 ]. In PLE, elevated temperatures and pressures are used to extract compounds from samples in an oxygen and light-free environment, in a short period of time and using less solvent [ 11 ]. Elevated pressure keeps the solvent below its boiling point so the application of temperatures above a solvent boiling point (at atmospheric pressure) is possible.…”