Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developing countries

Abstract

Antimicrobial is an indispensable part of veterinary medicine used for the treatment and control of diseases as well as a growth promoter in livestock production. Frequent use of antimicrobials in veterinary practices may lead to the residue in animal originated products and creates some potential problems for human health. The presence of antimicrobial residues in animal originated foods may induce serious health problems such as allergic reaction, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and lead to carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in the human body. The misuse or abuse of antibiotics in human medicine is thought to be a principal cause of AMR but some antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and their resistant genes originating from animals are also responsible for developing AMR. However, the residual effect of antimicrobials in feed and food products of animal origin is undeniable. In developing countries, the community is unaware of this residual effect due to lack of proper information about antibiotic usage, AMR surveillance, and residue monitoring system. It is imperative to reveal the current situation of antimicrobial use in livestock production and its impacts on public health. Moreover, the safety levels of animal feeds and food products of animal origin must be strictly monitored and public awareness should be developed against the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial in animal production. Therefore, the current review summarizes the literature on antimicrobial use in livestock production and its hazardous residual impacts on the human body in developing countries.

Biosecurity and Antimicrobial Use Practices in Live Bird Markets within Abeokuta Metropolis, Southwest, Nigeria: A Preliminary Survey

“…However, it is instructed by the drug manufacturers that food animals treated with tetracycline should be withheld at least for 4-5 days before slaughtering to safeguard consumers from exposure to its residues. Unfortunately, this situation could be worse because, in many developing countries, livestock farmers and communities are uninformed of residual effects due to a lack of proper educational programs about antimicrobial usage, poor AMR and residues surveillance systems (47).…”

Bacillus spp. Contamination: A Novel Risk Originated From Animal Feed to Human Food Chains in South-Eastern Bangladesh

“…The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. indiscriminately in their farms as a growth promoter, treatment, and prophylaxis, and they seem to be more cautious about the potential costs of meat and egg production (Hosain et al, 2021). Moreover, the use of antibacterial agents in veterinary practice is not strictly controlled, and farmers abuse antibiotics to control poultry disease.…”

“…In addition to B. cereus , B. subtilis , B. amyloliquefaciens , B. licheniformis , B. thuringiensis , B. megaterium , and B. coagulans have all been linked to food safety issues ( Haque et al, 2021 ). In Bangladesh, approximately 94% of poultry farmers use antibiotics indiscriminately in their farms as a growth promoter, treatment, and prophylaxis, and they seem to be more cautious about the potential costs of meat and egg production ( Hosain et al, 2021 ). Moreover, the use of antibacterial agents in veterinary practice is not strictly controlled, and farmers abuse antibiotics to control poultry disease.…”

Research trends of aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals (AMDC) in Bangladesh: the last decade's (2011-2020) story to tell

“…The development of antimicrobial drug resistance, hypersensitive reaction, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, bone marrow depression, and disturbance of normal intestinal flora are all serious public health implications of antibiotic residues (Miranda et al, 2018;Okocha et al, 2018;Schar et al, 2020). However, uses of antibiotics in aquaculture is regulated by the conventional laws of the state for instance, National drug policy-2005, Fish feed and animal feed act-2010, National livestock development policy-2007, National strategy for ARC (Antimicrobial resistance containment)-2011 and Road map of a national action plan for ARC (Hosain et al, 2021). Nevertheless, several studies of last decades indicated several antibiotics of different generics and trade names were reported from different part of the country.…”