Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Africa

Okeke, Iruka N.; Ojo, Kayode K.

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89370-9_17

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The threat of antimicrobial resistance is growing at an alarming pace, perhaps more rapidly in developing countries [43,44]. Aside from the abuse of antimicrobials, a number of circumstances converge to this rapid growth and spread, ranging from the biological traits that bacteria deploy to face antimicrobials to regulatory and financial issues behind antimicrobial abuse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in retail raw table eggs sold for human consumption in Enugu state, Nigeria

et al. 2016

Vet World

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Aim:This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in retail raw table eggs sold for human consumption in Enugu State and to determine the resistance of these pathogens to antimicrobials commonly used in human and veterinary practices in Nigeria.Materials and Methods:A total of 340 raw table eggs comprising 68 composite samples (5 eggs per composite sample) were collected from five selected farms (13 composite samples from the farms) and 10 retail outlets (55 composite samples from the retail outlets) in the study area over a period of 4-month (March-June, 2014). The eggs were screened for pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella species following standard procedures within 24 h of sample collection. Isolates obtained were subjected to in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test with 15 commonly used antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method.Results:About 37 (54.4%) and 7 (10.3%) of the 68 composite samples were positive for pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella species, respectively. The shells showed significantly higher (p<0.05) contaminations than the contents for both microorganisms. The eggs from the farms showed higher contamination with pathogenic E. coli than eggs from the retail outlets while the reverse was the case for Salmonella species even though they were not significant (p>0.05). The organisms obtained showed a multiple drug resistance. They were completely resistant to nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, penicillin G and oxacillin. In addition to these, Salmonella spp. also showed 100% resistance to tetracycline. The pathogenic E. coli isolates obtained were 100% susceptible to gentamicin, neomycin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid while Salmonella spp. showed 100% susceptibility to erythromycin, neomycin, and rifampicin. Both organisms showed varying degrees of resistance to streptomycin, amoxicillin, vancomycin, and doxycycline.Conclusion:From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the raw table eggs marketed for human consumption in Enugu State, Nigeria is contaminated with pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella species that showed multiple drug resistance to antimicrobial agents commonly used in veterinary and human practice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in retail raw table eggs sold for human consumption in Enugu state, Nigeria

et al. 2016

Vet World

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“…The quality of antibiotics used in poultry could be another factor for the emergence of antibiotic resistance (Okeke and Ojo, 2010). A study conducted by Ndayisenga (2009) La resistencia a los antibióticos se ha convertido en una preocupación para la salud pública mundial, ya que un gran número de bacterias resistentes están emergiendo continuamente.…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsunclassified

Caractérisation d’<em>Escherichia coli</em> résistant aux antibiotiques dans différents systèmes avicoles de la province de l’Est et de la ville de Kigali au Rwanda

Manishimwe

Buhire

Uyisunze

et al. 2017

Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop.

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La résistance aux antibiotiques est devenue une préoccupation de santé publique mondiale car un grand nombre de bactéries résistantes émergent continuellement. Les animaux ont été signalés comme l’une des sources de bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques qui peuvent être transférées aux humains. Afin d’enrichir les données sur la résistance aux antibiotiques chez les animaux au Rwanda, une étude transversale a été menée dans la province de l’Est et dans la ville de Kigali pour isoler Escherichia coli présent dans des élevages de volailles en plein air et dans des élevages commerciaux. Des échantillons de matières fécales ont été prélevés dans 294 fermes avicoles et des souches d’E. coli ont été isolées et identifiées. Au total, 241 isolats d’E. coli ont été soumis à un test de sensibilité aux antibiotiques en utilisant cinq antibiotiques (gentamicine, streptomycine, rifampicine, doxycycline et érythromycine). L’utilisation d’antibiotiques chez les volailles était faible dans les élevages de volaille en plein air (30,9 %) comparativement aux élevages de poules pondeuses et de poulets de chair (100 %). Parmi les 151 éleveurs qui ont déclaré utiliser des antibiotiques chez les volailles, près de la moitié (49,7 %) ont toujours utilisé des antibiotiques sur ordonnance vétérinaire. Sur les 241 isolats d’E. coli, 43,2 % présentaient une résistance multiple à quatre des cinq antibiotiques testés. Presque tous les isolats (98,8 %) étaient résistants à l’érythromycine, 78,8 % étaient résistants à la streptomycine, 77,6 % étaient résistants à la doxycycline, 69,3 % étaient résistants à la rifampicine et quelques-uns seulement étaient résistants à la gentamicine (3,7 %). Aucune différence significative statistiquement n’a été observée en ce qui concerne la résistance des isolats aux antibiotiques selon le type de système d’élevage. Toutefois, la résistance des isolats à la doxycycline a été significativement plus élevée dans les fermes où l’utilisation d’antibiotiques a été signalée (84 %) que dans les fermes où l’utilisation d’antibiotiques n’a pas été signalée (70 %). La résistance aux antibiotiques d’E. coli observée montre l’existence d’une source potentielle de résistance qui peut être transférée aux bactéries pathogènes et avoir un impact sur les humains et les animaux.

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“…The past decade has seen a significant increase in effort to describe and tackle the burden due to drug-resistant infections in the country (6), although overall nationwide surveillance is still at the early stages with AMR data generally remaining patchy (7). Over the years, many studies have demonstrated variable resistance rates in microorganisms that are associated with unfavorable outcomes in hospital and community settings, such as those that cause among others; tuberculosis, meningitis, pneumonia, and gastrointestinal diseases (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Findings from these studies and other initiatives fighting AMR highlight the need for horizontal (15)(16)(17)(18) as well as vertical (19) strengthening of laboratory capacity to promote widespread detection of resistance and to create strong evidence for optimal AMR response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in regions of Kenya: An assessment of capacities, practices, and barriers by means of multi-facility survey

Moirongo

Aglanu²,

Lamshöft³

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundAdequate laboratory capacity is critical in the implementation of coherent surveillance for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We describe capacities and deficiencies in laboratory infrastructure and AMR surveillance practices among health facilities in Kenya to support progress toward broader sustainable laboratory-based AMR surveillance.MethodsA convenience sample of health facilities from both public and private sectors across the country were selected. Information was obtained cross-sectionally between 5th October and 8th December 2020 through online surveys of laboratory managers. The assessment covered quality assurance, management and dissemination of AMR data, material and equipment, staffing, microbiology competency, biosafety and certification. A scoring scheme was developed for the evaluation and interpreted as (80% and above) facility is adequate (60–79%) requires some strengthening and (<60%) needing significant strengthening. Average scores were compared across facilities in public and private sectors, rural and urban settings, as well as national, county, and community levels.ResultsAmong the participating facilities (n = 219), the majority (n = 135, 61.6%) did not offer bacterial culture testing, 47 (21.5%) offered culture services only and 37 (16.9%) performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The major gaps identified among AST facilities were poor access to laboratory information management technology (LIMT) (score: 45.9%) and low uptake of external quality assessment (EQA) programs for cultures (score 67.7%). Access to laboratory technology was more than two-fold higher in facilities in urban (58.6%) relative to rural (25.0%) areas. Whilst laboratories that lacked culture services were found to have significant infrastructural gaps (average score 59.4%), facilities that performed cultures only (average score: 83.6%) and AST (average score: 82.9%) recorded significantly high scores that were very similar across areas assessed. Lack of equipment was identified as the leading challenge to the implementation of susceptibility testing among 46.8% of laboratories.ConclusionsWe identified key gaps in laboratory information management technology, external quality assurance and material and equipment among the surveyed health facilities in Kenya. Our findings suggest that by investing in equipment, facilities performing cultures can be successfully upgraded to provide additional antimicrobial susceptibility testing, presenting a chance for a major leap toward improved AMR diagnostics and surveillance in the country.

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Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Africa

Cited by 7 publications

References 59 publications

Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in retail raw table eggs sold for human consumption in Enugu state, Nigeria

Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in retail raw table eggs sold for human consumption in Enugu state, Nigeria

Caractérisation d’<em>Escherichia coli</em> résistant aux antibiotiques dans différents systèmes avicoles de la province de l’Est et de la ville de Kigali au Rwanda

Laboratory-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in regions of Kenya: An assessment of capacities, practices, and barriers by means of multi-facility survey

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