Antimicrobial susceptibility trends among gram-positive and -negative clinical isolates collected between 2005 and 2012 in Mexico: results from the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial

Abstract

BackgroundThe Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T) is a global antimicrobial surveillance study of both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. This report presents data on antimicrobial susceptibility among organisms collected in Mexico between 2005 and 2012 as part of T.E.S.T., and compares rates between 2005–2007 and 2008–2012.MethodEach center in Mexico submitted at least 200 isolates per collection year; including 65 gram-positive isolates and 135 gram-negative isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution methodology and antimicrobial susceptibility was established using the 2013 CLSI-approved breakpoints. For tigecycline US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) breakpoints were applied. Isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae with a MIC for ceftriaxone of >1 mg/L were screened for ESBL production using the phenotypic confirmatory disk test according to CLSI guidelines.ResultsThe rates of some key resistant phenotypes changed during this study: vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus faecium decreased from 28.6 % in 2005–2007 to 19.1 % in 2008–2012, while β-lactamase production among Haemophilus influenzae decreased from 37.6 to 18.9 %. Conversely, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus increased from 38.1 to 47.9 %, meropenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. increased from 17.7 to 33.0 % and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. increased from 25.6 to 49.7 %. The prevalence of other resistant pathogens was stable over the study period, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase-positive Escherichia coli (39.0 %) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.0 %). The activity of tigecycline was maintained across the study years with MIC90s of ≤2 mg/L against Enterococcus spp., S. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens, H. influenzae, and Acinetobacter spp. All gram-positive organisms were susceptible to tigecycline and susceptibility among gram-negatives ranged from 95.0 % for K. pneumoniae to 99.7 % for E. coli.ConclusionAntimicrobial resistance continues to be high in Mexico. Tigecycline was active against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, including resistant phenotypes, collected during the study.

A retrospective study of prevalence and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of neurosurgical patients in a Shanghai tertiary hospital

“…increased from 17.7% to 33.0% and multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter spp. increased from 25.6% to 49.7% in 2005-2007 to 2008-2012 [26], and the rate of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) has risen in recent years [27]. The emergence of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii, known as one of the ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, A. baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) pathogens [28], has become a serious medical problem worldwide [29,30].…”

Antibiotic resistance profiles in Panama: Trends from 2007 to 2013

“…Equivalent resistance rates for cephalosporins and quinolones have been reported by several European Countries, especially the ones on southern and southeast Europe, 20,21 and Mexico. 22 With respect to carbapenems, Panamanian resistance trend remained almost undetectable. These findings coincide with those from Europe, which reported resistances up to 1.2%, 20 and Mexico where carbapenems sensibility remains up to 99%.…”

“…These findings coincide with those from Europe, which reported resistances up to 1.2%, 20 and Mexico where carbapenems sensibility remains up to 99%. 22 However, attention should be placed on carbapenem resistance given that carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae are becoming widespread and given that an increase in combined resistance and the elevated frequency of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing isolates may lead to a proliferation use of carbapenems, thus favoring dissemination of resistance. 20 Data presented also showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates had elevated resistance (over 20%) against the majority of antibiotics except for aminoglycoside and carbapenems.…”

“…In line with these results, combined resistance to multiple antibiotics has also been reported in Europe, Latin America and Mexico. 20,22,23 Since P. aeruginosa carries intrinsic resistance to a number of antimicrobials classes, any additional acquired resistant can severely limit the therapeutic options available for treating a serious infection. 20 On the other hand, Acinetobacter spp presented susceptibility rates lower than 60% for aminoglycosides and 44% for β-lactamase inhibitors and elevated resistance to carbapenems.…”

Impact of Some Antibiotics on Bacteria Isolated from Appendices in Kirkuk Province, Iraq

“…Generally, the gram positive bacteria encountered here showed sensitivity to both antibiotics Penicillin and Vancomycin [41]. However, Enterococcus faecalis showed moderate sensitivity to Ampicillin with little sensitive to Rifampin but with subtile variations [26].…”