Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Shigella spp. isolated from children under 5 years of age attending tertiary care hospitals, Nepal along with first finding of ESBL-production

Dhital, Subhash; Sherchand, Jeevan Bahadur; Pokharel, Bharat; Parajuli, Keshab; Mishra, Shyam Kumar; Sharma, Surabhi; Kattel, Hari Prasad; Khadka, Sundar; Khatiwada, Sulochana; Rijal, Basista Prasad

doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2512-1

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Out of 653 studied cases, 25(3.82%) cases were Shigella positive. This isolation rate is comparable to a study done in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital and Kanti Hospital (2.1% culture positive) (Dhital et al, 2017). In contrast to our findings, two different studies conducted in Nepal reported a relatively higher prevalence rate (13.61% and 10.8%) (Wilson et al, 2006;Khan et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Similarly, Nalidixic acid is a drug of choice in developing countries, and Ciprofloxacin in developed countries (Gharibi et al, 2012). The increased resistance (80% resistance) of Nalidixic acid was observed in the present study and other studies conducted in Nepal (Bhattacharya et al, 2005;Khan et al, 2014;Dhital et al, 2017). This increased resistance to Nalidixic acid in Nepal can be attributed to the over-the-counter availability of drugs, self-prescription by patients, and poor antibiotic policies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Nepal has experienced Shigella species resistance to multiple drugs over the past two decades. There are a few reasons for the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains in Nepal, such as easy access to antibiotics in the pharmacies without a doctor's prescription, poor antibiotic policies, including poor laboratory diagnosis and antibiotic susceptibility tests (Dhital et al, 2017). Therefore, this study aims to provide more insight into the prevalence and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Shigella species isolated in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Shigella spp. Isolated from Patients Suspected of Acute Gastroenteritis

Basnet

Niroula

Acharya³

et al. 2021

J. Inst. Sci. Tech.

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Shigellosis, an intestinal infection caused by Shigella species, is manifested by bloody diarrhea. Due to the surge in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Shigella species, the control of shigellosis has been a big challenge. This study aims to determine the prevalence and assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Shigella species. During our study period of five months from April 2014 to August 2014 at Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, Kathmandu, a total of 653 stool samples were collected from the patients suspected of acute gastroenteritis. The standard microbiological procedure was followed for the isolation and identification of Shigella species. Assessment of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the Shigella species was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. The study found 25(3.82%) cases were Shigella positive. Among them, 18(72%) were S. flexneri, 6(24%) were S. dysenteriae, and 1(4%) was S. sonnei. The patients in the age group 16-45 years were highly susceptible to infection as the higher proportion 16(64%) of Shigella species were isolated from this age group (p> 0.05). Shigella species were found to be highly susceptible to Cefotaxime (100%), a third-generation cephalosporin. Nalidixic acid, on the other hand, was the least effective antibiotic as 20(80%) of the Shigella isolates were resistant, followed by Ampicillin 18(72%), Cotrimoxazole 13(52%), and Ciprofloxacin 9(36%). A higher proportion of [10(40%)] of our study isolates were MDR. Our results show that Nalidixic acid, Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin, and Ofloxacin cannot be used as empirical therapy for the treatment of Shigella infection as Shigella species were highly resistant to these antibiotics. So, for the MDR Shigella infection, we suggest third-generation cephalosporin as an option.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Shigella spp. Isolated from Patients Suspected of Acute Gastroenteritis

Basnet

Niroula

Acharya³

et al. 2021

J. Inst. Sci. Tech.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed on all bacterial isolates by the disc diffusion method.10 antibiotics were used in this study as in table (3).The results showed that all Shigella sonnei isolates were resistant to Nalidixic acid and Co-trimoxazole at a rate of 100%.The current study does not agree with the study of Abdel-Rahman et al, [24] in Baghdad, as the results showed that 54.23% of Shigella isolates are resistant to nalidixic acid. The results also showed that 93.3% of Shigella sonnei isolates were resistant to Ampicillin, this result agreed with the results of Subhash et al, [25] .While 93.3% of isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol This result agreed with the findings of Siraj [26] as all Shigella sonnei isolates were resistant to this antibiotic. Azithromycin also showed a significant effect on Shigella sonnei isolates, as 93.3% of isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic.These results agreed with the results of the study conducted by Jomezadeh et al, [27] in Iran, as they indicated that all S.sonnei isolates are resistant to this antibiotic.Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone,which belongs to cephalosporins group,showed convergent effects in their ability to inhibit S.sonnei isolates, as the results showed that73.4% of isolates were sensitive to Cefotaxime and 80% of isolates were sensitive to Ceftriaxone.…”

Section: Antibiotic Susceptibility Testsupporting

confidence: 90%

Isolation and Identification of Shigella Sonnei from Children with Diarrhea and Detection of the Most Important Virulence Factors

Hayfaa Rajab Alwan,

Mohammed Nadhir Maaroof

2021

Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology

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Some reports showed that the sensitivity of Shigella species to antibiotics changed dramatically over time due to the indiscriminate use of drugs.The Shigella strains became gradually resistant to most antimicrobials, which led to failure of treatment and increased mortality.This study was conducted in Tikrit city and included the isolated of Shigella sonnei from 530 stool samples were collected from children suffering from diarrhea during the period from March 2018 to March 2019.Stool samples taken from children aged 1-60 month.The study showed that all the fifteen isolates obtained were Shigella sonnei, meaning that the infection rate was 2.83% of the total number of patients.The age group from 49-60 months is the group most likely to be affected by Shigella.The results of determining some virulence factors indicated that all Shigella sonnei isolates possess the ability to form biofilms, and 93.3% of these isolates produce beta-lactamase.As for the ability of isolates to cause keratoconjunctivitis,the results showed that 80% of the isolates were positive for the sereny test, that is,it has the ability to cause the disease. The results of the study showed that all isolates were resistant to antibiotics Nalidixic acid and Co-trimoxazole, and 93.3% of the isolates were resistant to Penicillin. Antibiotics Chloramphenicol and Azithromycin showed a significant effect on Shigella isolates,as 93.3% of isolates were sensitive to these antibiotics.The antibiotic Ciprofloxacin showed an asymptotic inhibition to the antibiotics Chloramphenicol and Azithromycin, as the results showed that 86.6 isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic.Antibiotics of the third generation cephalosporins Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxone,showed convergent effects in their ability to inhibit Shigella sonnei isolates, as the results showed that the isolates were sensitive to the antibiotics at a rate of 73.4% and 80% respectively.The percentage of isolates sensitive to the antibiotics Amikacin and Tetracycline were 40% and 46.7% respectively.

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“…2017 ) and cephalosporins ( Mahmoudi et al . 2017 ) and multidrug ( Dhital et al . 2017 ) leading to the search for plant products ( Mirza et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Effects of Asiaticoside Against Shigella flexneri-Infected Macrophages

Michael

Zakaria

Abbas

et al. 2021

TLSR

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Macrophages provide the first line of defense against Shigella flexneri infection in the gastrointestinal tract by inducing a variety of inflammatory and antimicrobial responses. Secondary metabolites of plants are used as drugs against infections that are resistant to common antibiotics. In this study, the innate effects of asiaticoside on the proinflammatory activity of mouse macrophages infected with S. flexneri were investigated. The viability of the infected mouse macrophages were examined using viability assay, while the pro-inflammatory cytokines productions were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of IL-1β, IL-12 p40 and TNF-α levels. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein were determined using the Griess assay and western blot, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20. The data obtained from independent experiments (n = 3) were presented as the mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). The results showed that, asiaticoside stimulated the infected macrophages by stimulating increased production of TNF-α, IL-12 p40 and NO as well as increased expression of iNOS in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast the viability of the cells and the production of IL-1β and were reduced also in a dose-dependent manner when compared to untreated cells. These results indicate that asiaticoside has immunomodulatory effects on the innate immune function of infected macrophages, showing the potential use of this compound to reduce the clinical symptoms of the infections.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Shigella spp. isolated from children under 5 years of age attending tertiary care hospitals, Nepal along with first finding of ESBL-production

Cited by 14 publications

References 19 publications

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Shigella spp. Isolated from Patients Suspected of Acute Gastroenteritis

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Shigella spp. Isolated from Patients Suspected of Acute Gastroenteritis

Isolation and Identification of Shigella Sonnei from Children with Diarrhea and Detection of the Most Important Virulence Factors

Immunomodulatory Effects of Asiaticoside Against Shigella flexneri-Infected Macrophages

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