Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis and Combating Approaches

Alam, Mohammad Morshad; Islam, Muzahidul; Wahab, A. Samik Wahab A. Samik; Billah, Mamun

doi:10.3329/jom.v20i1.38842

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Antimicrobial resistance is considered to be one of the greatest threats to human health worldwide. Widespread abuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria [1,2]. Microbes resistant to multiple anti-microbials are known as multidrug-resistant (MDR) and cannot be easily killed using the current drugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane-Targeting Triphenylphosphonium Functionalized Ciprofloxacin for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

et al. 2020

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Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a severe problem for public health. Developing new antibiotics for MDR bacteria is difficult, from inception to the clinically approved stage. Here, we have used a new approach, modification of an antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (CFX), with triphenylphosphonium (TPP, PPh3) moiety via ester- (CFX-ester-PPh3) and amide-coupling (CFX-amide-PPh3) to target bacterial membranes. In this study, we have evaluated the antibacterial activities of CFX and its derivatives against 16 species of bacteria, including MDR bacteria, using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, morphological monitoring, and expression of resistance-related genes. TPP-conjugated CFX, CFX-ester-PPh3, and CFX-amide-PPh3 showed significantly improved antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, including MDR S. aureus (methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)) strains. The MRSA ST5 5016 strain showed high antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 11.12 µg/mL for CFX-ester-PPh3 and 2.78 µg/mL for CFX-amide-PPh3. The CFX derivatives inhibited biofilm formation in MRSA by more than 74.9% of CFX-amide-PPh3. In the sub-MIC, CFX derivatives induced significant morphological changes in MRSA, including irregular deformation and membrane disruption, accompanied by a decrease in the level of resistance-related gene expression. With these promising results, this method is very likely to combat MDR bacteria through a simple TPP moiety modification of known antibiotics, which can be readily prepared at clinical sites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane-Targeting Triphenylphosphonium Functionalized Ciprofloxacin for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

et al. 2020

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“…An important goal while prescribing antibiotics during a treatment is to prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistant bacteria emerge in three main waysthe accession of new genes by horizontal or transposons gene transfer, selection of naturally resistant strains and by selection of resistant variants [10] . Thus the main objective in prevention of resistance would be to avoid the ways causing the same, but the implementation of the objective would be difficult.…”

Section: Prevention Of Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Crisis of Antibiotic Resistance

Safar¹,

Pradhan²,

Shabaraya³

2021

Int J Res Rev

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The current challenges and crisis related to antibiotic use and its resistance are unique and differ from the past challenges, as there is a lot of novel pathogens involved in the emergence of antibiotics resistance. Antibiotic resistance has become a major concern and challenge, hindering the usage of antibiotics. Crisis of antibiotic resistance is the increasing global incidence of infectious diseases affecting human population making it untreatable with any known antibiotic or antimicrobial agent. Newer resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally thereby, imposing a major threat to the treatment of common infectious diseases. This has consequently led to an increase in the morbidity and mortality rates and thereby the rise in cost of the treatment as well. The process of antibiotic resistance has become an evolutionary response due to factors like widespread, extensive, and unnecessary use of antibiotics and unavailability of newer drugs attributable to exigent regulatory requirements. The situation in developing countries is expected to worsen unless governments become more stable, major advances occur in standards of living, preventive measures and in providing adequate medical care. Comprehensive and coordinated efforts are required to minimize the pace of resistance by implement new policies, researches and pursue steps to manage crisis. Keywords: antibiotics, resistance, crisis micro-organisms.

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“…The optical densities of the stained biofilm were measured at 600 nm using a microplate reader (Spark 10M, Tecan, Crailshim, Germany). Average absorbance for each bacterial strain was determined, and percentage inhibition of biofilm formation was calculated using equation (1). Biofilm formation assay was performed in three biological replicates, each consisting of two technical replicates.…”

Section: Biofilm Formation Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane-Activating Triphenylphosphonium Functionalized Ciprofloxacin for Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

Kang¹,

Sunwoo²,

Jung³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a severe problem for public health. Developing new antibiotics for MDR bacteria is difficult, from inception to the clinically approved stage. Here, we have used a new approach; we have modified the antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (CFX), with triphenylphosphonium (TPP, PPh3) moiety via ester- (CFX-ester-PPh3) and amide-coupling (CFX-ester-PPh3), to target bacterial membranes. In this study, we have evaluated the antibacterial activities of CFX and its derivatives against 16 species of bacteria, including MDR bacteria, using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, morphological monitoring, and expression of resistance-related genes. TPP-conjugated CFX, CFX-ester-PPh3 and CFX-amide-PPh3 showed significantly improved antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, including MDR S. aureus (MRSA) strains. The MRSA ST5 5016 strain showed high antibacterial activity, with an MIC values of 11.12 µg/mL for CFX-ester-PPh3 and 2.78 µg/mL for CFX-amide-PPh3. The CFX derivatives inhibited biofilm formation in MRSA by more than 74.9% of CFX-amide-PPh3. In the sub-MIC, CFX derivates induced significant morphological changes in MRSA, including irregular deformation and membrane disruption, accompanied by a decrease in the level of resistance-related gene expression. With these promising results, this method is very likely to combat MDR bacteria, through a simple TPP moiety modification of known antibiotics, which can be readily prepared at clinical sites.

show abstract

Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis and Combating Approaches

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

Membrane-Targeting Triphenylphosphonium Functionalized Ciprofloxacin for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Membrane-Targeting Triphenylphosphonium Functionalized Ciprofloxacin for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A Review on Crisis of Antibiotic Resistance

Membrane-Activating Triphenylphosphonium Functionalized Ciprofloxacin for Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

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