Antimicrobial-resistance and enterotoxin-encoding genes among staphylococci isolated from expressed human breast milk

Abstract

Resistance traits and the presence of enterotoxin-encoding genes were investigated in staphylococcus isolates obtained from expressed human breast milk. A total of 54 staphylococcal isolates identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis (53 . 6 %), Staphylococcus warneri (20 . 4 %), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (13 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (13 %) were investigated. By using a disc-diffusion method, higher rates of resistance, including intermediate resistance, were observed for penicillin (87 %) and erythromycin (59 . 3 %). All strains were susceptible to clindamycin and vancomycin. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by a macrodilution method for four clinically relevant antimicrobial drugs. High rates of resistance or intermediate resistance were observed for erythromycin, gentamicin and oxacillin. Additionally, three isolates showed reduced susceptibility to vancomycin (MIC, 8 ìg ml À1 ). Genetic determinants of resistance were detected by using PCR and the results showed good correlation with the macrodilution tests. Moreover, in four staphylococcus isolates, the presence of enterotoxin-encoding genes (seg, seh and sea) was identified. The results demonstrated that expressed human breast milk can be a reservoir of multiresistant staphylococci that may also harbour important virulent determinants.

Incidence of Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) amongst Patients Attending Primary Health Centres in Anambra State

“…Staph aureus was sensitive to all the antibiotics tested. This agrees with the work of [56], who reported that Staph aureus was 100% sensitive to gentamycin and cephalosporins, but disagrees with the work of [57] who observed the resistance of Staph auerus to penicillin and erythromycin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all the antibiotics tested (Tables 1(a)-(d)).…”

Gut colonization by aerobic microorganisms is associated with route and type of nutrition in premature neonates

“…In our study, the only independent difference between BMCR and formula was a greater mucosal colonization by S. haemolyticus in the formula-than in the BMCR-fed babies. This finding is not surprising because S. haemolyticus is almost never found in breast milk [42,43] and is likely acquired from the hospital environment rather than from breast milk, similar to most other microorganisms [6]. The ability of breast milk feeding to reduce bloodstream infections caused by S. haemolyticus is less clear.…”

Aminoglycoside and chlorhexidine resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from surgical wound infections

“…None of the S. aureus isolated in this work carried more than one AME gene. Other similar studies reported aac(6')/ aph (2'') as the most frequently detected AME gene (83%) among S. aureus isolates [24,25]. Some studies reported a prevalence of the three AME genes in 21% of isolates [26].…”