Antimicrobial potentials of medicinal plant’s extract and their derived silver nanoparticles: A focus on honey bee pathogen

Abstract

Infectious (or Communicable) diseases are not only the past but also the present problem in developing as well as developed countries. It is caused by various pathogenic microbes like fungi, bacteria, parasites and virus etc. The medicinal plants and nano-silver have been used against the pathogenic microbes. Herbal medicines are generally used for healthcare because they have low price and wealthy source of antimicrobial properties. Like medicinal plants, silver nanoparticles also have emergent applications in biomedical fields due to their immanent therapeutic performance. Here, we also explore the various plant parts such as bark, stem, leaf, fruit and seed against Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria, using different solvents for extraction i.e. methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetone, n. hexane, butanol, petroleum ether and benzene. Since ancient to date most of the countries have been used herbal medicines, but in Asia, some medicinal plants are commonly used in rural and backward areas as a treatment for infectious diseases. In this review, we provide simple information about medicinal plants and Silver nanoparticles with their potentialities such as antiviral, bactericidal and fungicidal. Additionally, the present review to highlights the versatile applications of medicinal plants against honey bee pathogen such as fungi (Ascosphaera apis), mites (Varroa spp. and Tropilaelaps sp.), bacteria (Melissococcus plutonius Paenibacillus larvae), and microsporidia (Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae). In conclusion, promising nonchemical (plant extracts) are innocuous to adult bees. So, we strongly believed that this effort was made to evaluate the status of medicinal plants researches globally.

<p>Nano-biotechnology: a new approach to treat and prevent malaria</p>

“…In other words, the term "nano" is used to represent one billionth of a meter as 10 −9 m. Similarly, the concept of nanotechnology was first introduced by professor Norio Taniguchi in 1974, and after that the field of nanotechnology has received remarkable attention, especially since the 1980s. 1,2,31,32 Nano-biotechnology is, therefore, a combination of both engineering and molecular biology. Nanotechnology has revolutionized the world with nano-objects which include nanotubes, nano-channels ( Figure 1), NPs, nano-pores and nano-capacitors.…”

“…Protozoal vector-borne diseases are the most common infections in developing regions and result in more than a million deaths from malaria every year worldwide. 1,2 According to the WHO, malaria is one of the world's most lethal diseases which caused 214 million new infections and nearly 438,000 malaria-associated deaths in 2015 worldwide. 1,3,4 More than 216 million people are still infected by the malarial parasite each year.…”

“…1,2 According to the WHO, malaria is one of the world's most lethal diseases which caused 214 million new infections and nearly 438,000 malaria-associated deaths in 2015 worldwide. 1,3,4 More than 216 million people are still infected by the malarial parasite each year. 5 Although the disease is widespread, it is most severe in tropical and subtropical regions.…”

Prevention and Control of American Foulbrood in South America with Essential Oils: Review

“…There are several sources of QS inhibitors (quorum quenchers), but so far the most diverse and abundant are derived from natural sources such as algae and plants. There are cases of QS inhibitors in bacteria, fungi, algae, bryozoans, corals, sponges [79], plant extracts [80], essential oils [42], compounds isolated from bacteria [81] and furanones, among others.…”

Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Phenolic and Flavonoid Rich Medicinal Plants (Fritillaria zagrica and Tulipa kurdica) Bulbs Collected in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

“…They represent the most important group of natural antioxidants (Huyut et al, 2017). Furthermore, as a result of high medicinal plants application in treating many diseases, now the plants are also useful as novel antimicrobial agents (Khan et al, 2018).…”