Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Jarrell, Andrew; Kruer, Rachel; Johnson, Dachelle; Lipsett, Pamela A.

doi:10.1089/sur.2014.180

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…These factors include consideration of bacterial status, inoculum size, antibiotic concentrations, serum effect, and interaction with the host gut microbiota. Host dispositions of antibiotics including the metabolism, transport processes, and diffusion between different compartments have been fully discussed in several reviews (Czock et al, 2009; Jarrell et al, 2015), therefore they are not discussed here except the antibiotic-protein binding which leads to the serum effect. These insights could be useful to design more effective clinical antibiotic therapy (Estes, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance: Influencing Factors

et al. 2017

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Rational use of antibiotic is the key approach to improve the antibiotic performance and tackling of the antimicrobial resistance. The efficacy of antimicrobials are influenced by many factors: (1) bacterial status (susceptibility and resistance, tolerance, persistence, biofilm) and inoculum size; (2) antimicrobial concentrations [mutant selection window (MSW) and sub-inhibitory concentration]; (3) host factors (serum effect and impact on gut micro-biota). Additional understandings regarding the linkage between antimicrobial usages, bacterial status and host response offers us new insights and encourage the struggle for the designing of antimicrobial treatment regimens that reaching better clinical outcome and minimizing the emergence of resistance at the same time.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance: Influencing Factors

et al. 2017

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“…Elderly patients have a high risk of decreased antibiotics clearance from the body due to declining functions of the lung, bladder, liver, GIT and circulatory system, but deterioration of the kidney function is the most important [ 207 ]. The kidneys are the major route of elimination for many classes of antibiotics including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, fluoroquinolones (except moxifloxacin), lipoglycopeptides, lipopeptides (daptomycin), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole [ 8 ].…”

Section: General Considerations On Ab Pharmacokinetics In the Elderlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of Antibacterial Agents in the Elderly: The Body of Evidence

et al. 2023

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Infections are important factors contributing to the morbidity and mortality among elderly patients. High rates of consumption of antimicrobial agents by the elderly may result in increased risk of toxic reactions, deteriorating functions of various organs and systems and leading to the prolongation of hospital stay, admission to the intensive care unit, disability, and lethal outcome. Both safety and efficacy of antibiotics are determined by the values of their plasma concentrations, widely affected by physiologic and pathologic age-related changes specific for the elderly population. Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are altered in different extents depending on functional and morphological changes in the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys. Water and fat content, skeletal muscle mass, nutritional status, use of concomitant drugs are other determinants of pharmacokinetics changes observed in the elderly. The choice of a proper dosing regimen is essential to provide effective and safe antibiotic therapy in terms of attainment of certain pharmacodynamic targets. The objective of this review is to perform a structure of evidence on the age-related changes contributing to the alteration of pharmacokinetic parameters in the elderly.

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“…When selecting appropriate antimicrobial therapy, both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drug(s) must be considered to ensure that effective agents are administered in sufficient doses for therapeutic success [19]. For species such as P. insidiosum, identifying potential targets for antimicrobials is necessary for managing pythiosis.…”

Section: Principles Of Antimicrobial Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review: Antimicrobial Therapy for Human Pythiosis

2022

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Human pythiosis is associated with poor prognosis with significant mortality caused by Pythium insidiosum. Antimicrobials' in vitro and in vivo results against P. insidiosum are inconsistent. Although antimicrobials are clinically useful, they are not likely to achieve therapeutic success alone without surgery and immunotherapy. New therapeutic options are therefore needed. This non-exhaustive review discusses the rationale antimicrobial therapy, minimum inhibitory concentrations, and efficacy of antibacterial and antifungal agents against P. insidiosum. This review further provides insight into the immunomodulating effects of antimicrobials that can enhance the immune response to infections. Current data support using antimicrobial combination therapy for the pharmacotherapeutic management of human pythiosis. Also, the success or failure of antimicrobial treatment in human pythiosis might depend on the immunomodulatory effects of drugs. The repurposing of existing drugs is a safe strategy for anti-P. insidiosum drug discovery. To improve patient outcomes in pythiosis, we suggest further research and a deeper understanding of P. insidiosum virulence factors, host immune response, and host immune system modification by antimicrobials.

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Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Abstract: Selecting and dosing antimicrobial medications with consideration of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may improve patient outcomes and avoid adverse effects.

Cited by 12 publications

References 34 publications

Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance: Influencing Factors

Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance: Influencing Factors

Pharmacokinetics of Antibacterial Agents in the Elderly: The Body of Evidence

A Review: Antimicrobial Therapy for Human Pythiosis

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