“…This includes, for instance, conventional chemical or physical surface cleaning as well as high-technology surface treatments such as silver ion implantation, [9,10] silver composite thin films, [11][12][13] TiO 2 under UV radiation, [14][15][16] polymer films containing triclosan, [17] quaternary ammonium salts, [18,19] and UV-activated core-shell composite nanoparticles which can be sprayed onto solid surfaces, including the human body. [20][21][22] Some major disadvantages of the above solutions are the complexity and the high cost of the fabrication process, as well as the use of UV radiation to activate the anti-bacterial behavior when TiO 2 is involved. [21,23] Triclosan is widely used as anti-microbial agent in various polymers, however it has three major disadvantages: (i) some bacteria resistances have been detected; [24] (ii) it diffuses into the environment, which reduces the long term efficiency of the anti-bacterial effect of the surface; and (iii) it can react with other chemical compounds (e.g., free chlorine in drinking water [25,26] ), which can be dangerous to health.…”