Antimicrobial and toxicological profile of the new biocide Akacid plus(R)

Buxbaum, Astrid; Kratzer, Christina; Graninger, Wolfgang; Georgopoulos, Apostolos P.

doi:10.1093/jac/dkl206

Cited by 50 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Other previous studies have demonstrated that PHMGH, the active ingredient of the new AKWATON-based disinfectant, is an odourless, colourless and noncorrosive polymer with high solubility in water [22] and is significantly less toxic and harmless than currently used disinfectants [14,23] to humans and animals at a concentration ≤ 1%. In addition, cell cultures and the different tests carried out by Oulé et al [20], showed that the new AKWATON-based disinfectant killed fewer animal cells than the commercial disinfectants, sparing 80% of rat pancreatic (C2C12) cells and 65% of muscle RnM5F cells, whilst some of the well-known disinfectants currently on the market killed 85-100% of those cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

In Vitro Assessment of the Toxic Effects of an AKWATON based-disinfectant on Human Tissues

MK¹,

Lesage²,

Gauvin³

et al. 2017

J Antimicrob Agents

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The purpose of this study is to prove the potential safe use of AKWATON as a new antimicrobial product. Many service products are often removed from the market due to their toxic effects on the human body or to their aggressiveness towards the environment. Antimicrobial products such as disinfectants may contain harmful ingredients that can cause disease. Some disinfecting products are corrosive or irritating; others produce strong odors, which in the long run can cause real health problems. AKWATON is a new disinfectant, member of the family of guanidine polymers.Its bactericidal, fungicidal and sporicidal properties have been demonstrated and widely documented. In this study, the toxic effects of AKWATON and of three well known commercial antimicrobial products currently on market, were evaluated and compared on various human tissues including eyes, lung, skin and liver cells. The testing were performed using the TB (Trypan blue) and MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) methods. Cell-cultures and the different tests done, showed that the AKWATON based-disinfectant was much less toxic, killing many fewer cells than the commercial disinfectants. It spared more than 64% of skin cells; 65% of lung cells; 66% of eye cells and 64% of liver cells while some well-known disinfectants currently marketed killed 100% of cells. This study demonstrated that AKWATON can be used as an odorless, colorless, non-corrosive and harmless disinfectant for hospital, agriculture industry, farming, food service and household facilities or as antiseptic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

In Vitro Assessment of the Toxic Effects of an AKWATON based-disinfectant on Human Tissues

MK¹,

Lesage²,

Gauvin³

et al. 2017

J Antimicrob Agents

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“…Chlorhexidine (CHX) is an excellent cationic antiseptic that belongs to a class of drugs called biguanides and has the chemical name (1,1'-hexamethylenebis{5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide)} (Buxbaum et al, 2006;USP, 2008;BP, 2010;EP, 2011). It exists as a variety of salts, including acetate, gluconate, hydrochloride and digluconate, but the digluconate form (Figure 1) is the most soluble in water and at physiological pH (EP, 2011;Thomas et al, 2000;Martindale, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is most likely the most widely used biocide in antiseptic products, specifically in hand-washing and oral products; it is also used to impregnate catheters or other medical products, as a preservative in vaginal gel, as a disinfectant (Cone et al, 2006;Galice et al, 2006) and as a surgical scrub to clean the site of surgery (Buxbaum et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a microbiological assay for determination of chlorhexidine digluconate in aqueous solution

Fiorentino

Corrêa

Salgado

2013

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a broad-spectrum antiseptic that is used in many topical pharmaceutical formulations. Because there is no official microbiological assay reported in the literature that is used to quantify CHX, this paper reports the development and validation of a simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible agar diffusion method for the dosage of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX-D) in an aqueous solution. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of CHX-D upon the strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, which is used as the test microorganism. The design 3x3 parallel-line model was used. The results were treated statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and they were excellent in terms of linearity (r = 0.9999), presenting a significant regression between the zone diameter of growth inhibition and the logarithm of the concentration within the range of 0.5 to 4.5%. The results obtained were precise, having relative standard deviations (RSD) for intra-day and inter-day precision of 2.03% and 2.94%, respectively. The accuracy was 99.03%. The method proved to be very useful and appropriate for the microbiological dosage of CHX-D in pharmaceutical formulations; it might also be used for routine drug analysis during quality control in pharmaceutical industries.Uniterms: Agar diffusion. Antiseptic. Chlorhexidine. Microbiological assay. Quality control. Validation.Clorexidina (CHX) é um antisséptico com amplo espectro de ação utilizada em muitos tipos de preparações farmacêuticas para uso tópico. Uma vez que não há na literatura ensaio microbiológico oficial para quantificar a clorexidina, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento e validação de um ensaio microbiológico simples, sensível, exato e reprodutível, por difusão em ágar, para doseamento de digliconato de clorexidina (CHX-D) em solução aquosa. O ensaio é baseado no efeito da inibição de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, utilizado como microorganismo teste, pela CHX-D. Utilizouse o delineamento 3x3. Os resultados foram verificados estatisticamente pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e apresentaram excelente linearidade (r = 0,9999), demonstrando que o método segue o modelo linear com regressão significativa entre o diâmetro da zona de inibição e o lagaritmo da concentração no intervalo de 0,5 a 4,5%. Os resultados obtidos foram precisos apresentando desvio padrão relativo (DPR) para precisão intra-dia de 2,03% e DPR para precisão inter-dias de 2,94%. A exatidão foi 99,03%. O método provou ser muito útil e apropriado para doseamento microbiológico da CHX-D em formas farmacêuticas e pode ser empregado para análise desta substância no controle de qualidade em indústrias farmacêuticas.Unitermos: Difusão em ágar. Antisséptico. Clorexidina. Ensaio microbiológico. Controle de qualidade. Validação.

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“…As a kind of cationic antimicrobial polymer, polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) possesses great potential in the development of highly effective antimicrobials [8][9][10][11][12][13] and covalently binds permanent sterilesurface materials [14,15] for hospital infection control. We have recently reported that the cytoplasmic membrane disruption of bacteria cells induced by PHMG-membrane interactions is the main antibacterial mechanism by micrographic observations of Escherichia coli cells exposed to PHMG [9,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of biocidal guanidine hydrochloride polymer analogs with model membranes: a comparative biophysical study

Zhou

Zheng

Zhong

2011

ABBS

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Four synthesized biocidal guanidine hydrochloride polymers with different alkyl chain length, including polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride and its three new analogs, were used to investigate their interactions with phospholipids vesicles mimicking bacterial membrane. Characterization was conducted by using fluorescence dye leakage, isothermal titration calorimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that the gradually lengthened alkyl chain of the polymer increased the biocidal activity, accompanied with the increased dye leakage rate and the increased binding constant and energy change value of polymer -membrane interaction. The polymer -membrane interaction induced the change of pretransition and main phase transition (decreased temperature and increased width) of phospholipids vesicles, suggesting the conformational change in the phospholipids headgroups and disordering in the hydrophobic regions of lipid membranes. The above information revealed that the membrane disruption actions of guanidine hydrochloride polymers are the results of the polymer's strong binding to the phospholipids membrane and the subsequent perturbations of the polar headgroups and hydrophobic core region of the phospholipids membrane. The alkyl chain structure significantly affects the binding constant and energy change value of the polymer -membrane interactions and the perturbation extent of the phospholipids membrane, which lead to the different biocidal activity of the polymer analogs. This work provides important information about the membrane disruption action mechanism of biocidal guanidine hydrochloride polymers.

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Antimicrobial and toxicological profile of the new biocide Akacid plus(R)

Abstract: These preliminary results demonstrate the broad antimicrobial properties of Akacid plus, which makes it a promising tool for topical application in the prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections.

Cited by 50 publications

References 9 publications

In Vitro Assessment of the Toxic Effects of an AKWATON based-disinfectant on Human Tissues

In Vitro Assessment of the Toxic Effects of an AKWATON based-disinfectant on Human Tissues

Development and validation of a microbiological assay for determination of chlorhexidine digluconate in aqueous solution

Interactions of biocidal guanidine hydrochloride polymer analogs with model membranes: a comparative biophysical study

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