Antimicrobial and In Vitro Cytotoxic Efficacy of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) Fabricated by Callus Extract of Solanum incanum L.

Abstract

The in vitro callus induction of Solanum incanum L. was executed on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of auxin and cytokinin utilizing petioles and explants of leaves. The highest significant fresh weights from petioles and leaf explants were 4.68 and 5.13 g/jar for the medium supplemented with1.0 mg L−1 BA and 1.0 mg L−1 2,4-D. The callus extract of the leaves was used for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). Analytical methods used for Ag-NPs characterization were UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Spherical, crystallographic Ag-NPs with sizes ranging from 15 to 60nm were successfully formed. The FT-IR spectra exhibited the role of the metabolites involved in callus extract in reducing and capping Ag-NPs. The biological activities of Ag-NPs were dose-dependent. The MIC value for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli was 12.5 µg mL−1, while it was 6.25 µg mL−1 for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The highest inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, and Pythium ultimum was 76.3 ± 3.7, 88.9 ± 4.1, 67.8 ± 2.1, and 76.4 ± 1.0%, respectively at 200 µg mL−1. Moreover, green synthesized Ag-NPs showed cytotoxic efficacy against cancerous cell lines HepG2, MCF-7 and normal Vero cell line with IC50 values of 21.76 ± 0.56, 50.19 ± 1.71, and 129.9 ± 0.94 µg mL−1, respectively.

Rhizopus oryzae-Mediated Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgO-NPs): A Promising Tool for Antimicrobial, Mosquitocidal Action, and Tanning Effluent Treatment

“…In this study, the obtained data evidence the potential for green synthesis of MgO-NPs with small size by harnessing metabolites of identified fungal strain. The activities of NPs are correlated to their size and shape, where the small sizes have more activities [ 36 , 60 ]. For instance, synthesized MgO-NPs with a varied size of 35.9, 47.3, and micron-size of 2145.9 nm exhibited bactericidal efficacy against Bacillus subtilis with percentages of 96.12%, 94.46%, and 75.71%, respectively [ 61 ].…”

Harnessing Bacterial Endophytes for Promotion of Plant Growth and Biotechnological Applications: An Overview

“…Therefore, endophytes could be used as potential biocontrol agents to restrict pathogen entry into the host cell. The endophytic species Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol, penazine-1-carboxylic acid, pyoleutirin, pyrrolnitrin, or hydrogen cyanide, which suppress the growth of phytopathogenic fungi [ 191 ]. The most common endophytic bacterial species used in phytopathogen control are Bacillus species, since they produce lipopeptides, which hydrolyze fungal hyphal membranes [ 192 , 193 ].…”

“…The most common endophytic bacterial species used in phytopathogen control are Bacillus species, since they produce lipopeptides, which hydrolyze fungal hyphal membranes [ 192 , 193 ]. The destabilization of the fungal membrane promotes nutrient leakage and hence reduces the virulence of fungi [ 191 ]. The indirect mechanisms include the stimulation of a jasmonate/ethylene-based defense response against necrotrophic microbes and a salicylic acid-based defense against biotrophic microorganisms [ 191 , 192 ].…”

“…The destabilization of the fungal membrane promotes nutrient leakage and hence reduces the virulence of fungi [ 191 ]. The indirect mechanisms include the stimulation of a jasmonate/ethylene-based defense response against necrotrophic microbes and a salicylic acid-based defense against biotrophic microorganisms [ 191 , 192 ]. Competition for Space and Nutrients …”

An Eco-Friendly Approach to the Control of Pathogenic Microbes and Anopheles stephensi Malarial Vector Using Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (Mg-NPs) Fabricated by Penicillium chrysogenum

“…On the contrary, the biological route is characterized by being a simple, rapid, eco-friendly, and low-cost method, as compared to chemical and physical processes [ 6 ]. Therefore, researchers’ attention is directed to the green method or biological method using bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, yeast, and plants to fabricate nanomaterials [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Recently, there is a huge number of nanomaterials being fabricated using biological methods, such as Ag, Au, Cu, CuO, ZnO, Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , and others [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”