Harnessing Bacterial Endophytes for Promotion of Plant Growth and Biotechnological Applications: An Overview

Abstract

Endophytic bacteria colonize plants and live inside them for part of or throughout their life without causing any harm or disease to their hosts. The symbiotic relationship improves the physiology, fitness, and metabolite profile of the plants, while the plants provide food and shelter for the bacteria. The bacteria-induced alterations of the plants offer many possibilities for biotechnological, medicinal, and agricultural applications. The endophytes promote plant growth and fitness through the production of phytohormones or biofertilizers, or by alleviating abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. Strengthening of the plant immune system and suppression of disease are associated with the production of novel antibiotics, secondary metabolites, siderophores, and fertilizers such as nitrogenous or other industrially interesting chemical compounds. Endophytic bacteria can be used for phytoremediation of environmental pollutants or the control of fungal diseases by the production of lytic enzymes such as chitinases and cellulases, and their huge host range allows a broad spectrum of applications to agriculturally and pharmaceutically interesting plant species. More recently, endophytic bacteria have also been used to produce nanoparticles for medical and industrial applications. This review highlights the biotechnological possibilities for bacterial endophyte applications and proposes future goals for their application.

Exogenous Nitric Oxide Reinforces Photosynthetic Efficiency, Osmolyte, Mineral Uptake, Antioxidant, Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes and Ameliorates the Effects of Salinity Stress in Wheat

“…Being sessile, plants are frequently confronted with various environmental stresses, resulting in considerable alternation in metabolism, which leads to a serious threat within the yield and crop production [1,2]. Among the key stress factors, salinity seriously affects the growth and development of plants [3][4][5]. Nowadays, at global levels, the problem of salinity, particularly in the arid and semiarid regions, is increasing, and the problem has been intensified due to the continuous usage of salt-rich water for irrigation purposes [6,7].…”

Metabolomics Analyses Reveal Metabolites Affected by Plant Growth-Promoting Endophytic Bacteria in Roots of the Halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

“…In contrast, many substances that were abundant in mock-inoculated salt-stressed plants showed decreased contents in salt-stressed plants inoculated with strain 2 or 4, indicating that these strains alleviated the effects of salinity stress. While the latest knowledge is accumulating [ 74 ], a deeper understanding of the complex interplay among plant metabolites may be useful for developing microbe-assisted phytoremediation strategies for saline soil.…”

Evaluate the Toxicity of Pyrethroid Insecticide Cypermethrin before and after Biodegradation by Lysinibacillus cresolivuorans Strain HIS7

“…The bacterial efficacy of cypermethrin degradation in soil was investigated either by a qualitative method using spectrophotometrically at interval times (7,14,21,28,35, and 42 days) or by a quantitative method using HPLC after 42 days. Qualitative analysis exhibits the efficacy of L. cresolivuorans strain HIS7 to degrade cypermethrin in soil was timedependent (Figure 6A).…”

“…The biological approach is a promising and innovative strategy used to degrade contaminants based on the catabolic activity of pesticide-degrading microbes [ 16 , 19 ]. Catalytic microbial action is responsible for the degradation, immobilization, eradication, or detoxification of wastes and hazardous materials from the surrounding environments [ 20 , 21 ]. Therefore, bioremediation is a sustainable technology that has been become the most important and dominant way for removing toxic substances from the environment [ 22 , 23 ].…”