Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Anacardium occidentale</i> L. Flowers in Comparison to Bark and Leaves Extracts

Abstract

Anacardium occidentale L., Anacardiaceae, is frequently used to treat infections. We evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from aerial parts of the plant in comparison with the extract prepared with the flowers. Ethanol extracts of the leaves (EEL), stem bark (EEB), and flowers (EEF) were prepared separately. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. The minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations were determined against: Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella choleraesuis, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated based on their scavenger capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle. The phytochemical profile was analyzed by colorimetric methods and by HPLC with UV detection. All extracts exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Although, the EEF was the most effective since it inhibited the growth of all 14 microorganisms tested. Anacardic and galic acids were identified in all extracts as well phenolic compounds, triterpenes, flavones and xanthones. In conclusion, the extracts obtained from the aerial parts of A. occidentale, mainly the extract of flowers that was the most effective, are rich in bioactive metabolites that exert a potent antioxidant and antimicrobial effect. Taken together, the results indicate an important biotechnological potential of A. occidentale as a * Corresponding author. R. A. da Silva et al. 88source of compounds with broad-spectrum antimicrobial and of antioxidant activity to be used in the food and cosmetics industry.

Preliminary study of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of two varieties of Cashew Apple grown in Nigeria

“…In terms of antifungal activity, the lowest MIC value of 5 mg/mL was recorded by the ethanol and aqueous extracts of the two varieties of the cashew apple against A. albicans while a moderate value of 10 mg/mL was obtained against A. fumigatus by red ethanol extract. The values of MIC obtained for this plant materials are lower to those reported by lower than those reported by da Silva et al (2016) for the leaf, flower and stem bark extracts of cashew plant.…”

A Literature Review—<i>Khaya senegalensis, Anacardium ouest</i> L., <i>Cassia sieberiana</i> DC., <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>, <i>Diospyros mespiliformis</i>, <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i>, <i>Manihot esculenta</i>, <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> Delile, <i>Pseudocedrela kotschyi</i> and &

“…The antimicrobial effect of an 80% ethanol extract on cashew leaves, has been described by Goncalves et al [53]. Another study carried out by da Silva et al [9] confirmed antimicrobial activity. 16 mg/ml of leaf methanol extract of A. occidentale inhibited Salmonella Typhi and E. coli, with inhibition diameters of 17 and 20 mm, respectively [51].…”

“…Ethanol extracts of the leaves, stem bark, and flowers are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites [9]. They contain phenolic compounds, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins [10]…”

“…Khaya senegalensis [6] [7] [8], Anacardium occidentale L. [9] [10], Cassia sieberiana DC [11] [12], Pterocarpus erinaceus [13] [14], Diospyros mespiliformis [15], Ocimum gratissimum [16], Manihot esculenta [17] [18], Vernonia amygdalina Delile [19], Pseudocedrela kotschyi [20] and Daniellia oliveri [21] are ten plants from West African Pharmacopoeia, cited in several works for their usefulness in the treatment of infectious diarrhea. A synthesis of their monographs will make it possible to review the available data, which will allow research perspectives to emerge and points to be explored in greater depth in order to valorize them in the fight against infectious diarrhea.…”

UPLC-MS-ESI-QTOF Analysis and Antifungal Activity of the Spondias tuberosa Arruda Leaf and Root Hydroalcoholic Extracts

“…A study with Anacardium occidentale L. and Mangifera indica L. leaves against C. albicans obtained an MIC of 1250 µg/mL and MFC of 1250 and 2500 µg/mL, respectively [36]. The A. occidentale ethanolic extract from the plant's flowers, leaves, and stem bark were investigated using the disc diffusion technique, where the flower extract inhibited different C. albicans and C. tropicalis (1 mm) strains, while the leaf and stem bark extracts inhibited C. albicans 37 (1 mm) and fluconazole inhibited the C. albicans and C. tropicalis strains (1 to 2 mm) [37].…”