Antimicrobial activity of selected corticolous macrolichens

Abstract

The present study was conducted to screen antimicrobial activity of three foliose macrolichens viz., Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy (Parmeliaceae), (Nyl.) Trevis (Physciaceae) and Dirinaria consimilis two fruticose macrolichens viz., Ramalina pacifica hossei H. Magn & G. Awasthi (Ramalinaceae) growing on barks of areca trees. The lichens were identified on the basis of morphological, anatomical and metabolites (lichen substances) were identified by thin layer chromatography. Antibacterial activity of lichen extracts was evaluated against three Gram positive and five Gram negative bacteria by Agar well diffusion assay. The lichen extracts were effective in inhibiting all test bacteria. Overall, extract of D. consimilis antibacterial efficacy. Marked inhibitory activity was observed against Antifungal effect of lichen extracts was determined against four molds by Poisoned food technique. Among fungi, the growth of Colletrotrichum capsici by lichen extracts. The observed inhibitory activity of lichens could be ascribed to the presence of lichen substances.

Dibenzofurans and derivatives from lichens and ascomycetes

“…67,68 Antimicrobial effects of usnic acid are widely reported in literature while mechanisms of action remain poorly studied. [69][70][71] Previous studies deal with the mode of action of this compound in particular on Gram-positive bacteria 72 and suggest that the antibacterial activity of usnic acid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is caused by disruption of the cell membrane. More recently, this hypothesis has been reconsidered.…”

The effect of lichen secondary metabolites on Aspergillus fungi

“…1000 mg·ml −1 ) ‡ DDM [34] Usnea barbata Acetone 12.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ BMM [35] Usnea florida Methanol > 0.25 ‡ ‡ ‡ BMM [31] Methylene chloride Vulpicida pinastri Methanol 7.5 ‡ 20 (10 µl) ‡ BTDM; DDM [25] Method of measurement abbreviations: BMM Broth microdilution method (MIC), BTDM Broth tube dilution method (MIC), DDM Disk diffusion method (IZ), PFT Poisoned Food Technique (fungal diameter), MMwR Microdilution method with resazurin (MIC, MFC), AWDM Agar well diffusion method (IZ), SGI Spore Germination Inhibition (%), MIC Minimal Inhibitory Concentration, MFC Minimal Fungicidal Concentration, IZ Inhibition Zone. Literature abbreviations: [1] Ranković and Mišić ( 2007 ); [2] Ranković et al ( 2010c ); [3] Tiwari et al ( 2011b ); [4] Prashith Kekuda et al ( 2015 ); [5] Aslan et al ( 2006 ); [6] Kosanić et al ( 2013a ); [7] Mitrović et al ( 2011 ); [8] Kirmizigül et al ( 2003 ); [9] Ranković et al ( 2009 ); [10] Babiah et al ( 2014b ); [11] Kosanić et al ( 2012a ); [12] Kosanić et al ( 2013b ); [13] Kosanić and Ranković ( 2011b ); [14] Shahi et al ( 2003 ); [15] Shahi et al ( 2001 ); [16] Ranković et al ( 2007b ); [17] Kosanić and Ranković ( 2011a ); [18] Ranković and Kosanić ( 2012 ); [19] K...…”

“… Method of measurement abbreviations: BMM Broth microdilution method (MIC), BTDM Broth tube dilution method (MIC), DDM Disk diffusion method (IZ), PFT Poisoned Food Technique (fungal diameter), MMwR Microdilution method with resazurin (MIC, MFC), AWDM Agar well diffusion method (IZ), SGI Spore Germination Inhibition (%), MIC Minimal Inhibitory Concentration, MFC Minimal Fungicidal Concentration, IZ Inhibition Zone. Literature abbreviations: [1] Ranković and Mišić ( 2007 ); [2] Ranković et al ( 2010c ); [3] Tiwari et al ( 2011b ); [4] Prashith Kekuda et al ( 2015 ); [5] Aslan et al ( 2006 ); [6] Kosanić et al ( 2013a ); [7] Mitrović et al ( 2011 ); [8] Kirmizigül et al ( 2003 ); [9] Ranković et al ( 2009 ); [10] Babiah et al ( 2014b ); [11] Kosanić et al ( 2012a ); [12] Kosanić et al ( 2013b ); [13] Kosanić and Ranković ( 2011b ); [14] Shahi et al ( 2003 ); [15] Shahi et al ( 2001 ); [16] Ranković et al ( 2007b ); [17] Kosanić and Ranković ( 2011a ); [18] Ranković and Kosanić ( 2012 ); [19] Kosanić et al ( 2014a ); [20] Gulluce et al ( 2006 ); [21] Ranković et al ( 2007a ); [22] Ranković et al ( 2010b ); [23] Kosanić et al ( 2010 ); [24] Anjali et al ( 2015a ); [25] Ranković et al ( 2010a ); [26] Vivek et al ( 2014 ); [27] Babiah et al ( 2014a ); [28] Tiwari et al ( 2011a ); [29] Anjali et al ( 2015b ); [30] Mitrović et al ( 2014 ); [31] Schmeda-Hirschmann et al ( 2008 ); [32] Yashoda et al ( 2014 ); [33] Ranković et al ( 2014a ); [34] Maulidiyah et al ( 2018 ); [35] Ranković et al ( 2012 ). † No effect, ‡ not investigated, IR inhibition rate (%) …”

“…One of the rare test methods found in this review is the poisoned food technique (PFT) (see method description: e.g. Vivek et al 2014 ; Prashith Kekuda et al 2015 ), which measures mycelium growth after specific growth times/intervals and is most conveniently expressed as a percentage of mycelium growth. Alternative methods used included spore germination inhibition (SGI) (see method description: Shahi et al 2001 , 2003 ) and inhibition of sporulation (IS) (see method description: Karabulut and Ozturk 2015 ), which expressed the percentage value of Aspergillus species spores germinated.…”