Antimicrobial Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis against Oral Pathogens: Relevance of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol

Abstract

The in vitro inhibitory activity of crude EtOH/H2O extracts from the leaves and stems of Rosmarinus officinalis L. was evaluated against the following microorganisms responsible for initiating dental caries: Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, and Enterococcus faecalis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined with the broth microdilution method. The bioassay-guided fractionation of the leaf extract, which displayed the higher antibacterial activity than the stem extract, led to the identification of carnosic acid (2) and carnosol (3) as the major compounds in the fraction displaying the highest activity, as identified by HPLC analysis. Rosmarinic acid (1), detected in another fraction, did not display any activity against the selected microorganisms. HPLC Analysis revealed the presence of low amounts of ursolic acid (4) and oleanolic acid (5) in the obtained fractions. The results suggest that the antimicrobial activity of the extract from the leaves of R. officinalis may be ascribed mainly to the action of 2 and 3.

Hepatoprotective effect of Rosmarinus officinalis and rosmarinic acid on acetaminophen-induced liver damage

“…The chemical structure of RA was established by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR analysis and by direct comparison of its retention time (R t ) and UV spectral features with those of an authentic chromatographic standard on HPLC (Bernardes et al, 2010). RA purity was estimated to be higher than 95% by both HPLC analysis and 13 C NMR spectroscopy.…”

“…The Mediterranean plant Rosmarinus officinalis (L.) (Labiatae), known as Rosemary, grows in many parts of the world and helps treat asthma, eczema, and rheumatism (Fahim et al, 1999). Rosemary extracts possess many biological activities, including antimicrobial (Bernardes et al 2010, Rasooli et al, 2008, antimutagenic (Furtado et al, 2008), anti-hyperglycemic (Al-Hader et al, 1994, anti-ulcerogenic (Dias et al, 2000), and antioxidant (Ozcan, 2003) actions. The most important antioxidant constituents of this plant are carnosic acid, carnosol, caffeic acid, and its derivative rosmarinic acid (RA), which exhibit antioxidant activity (Frankel et al, 1996).…”

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Carnosic Acid and Rosmarinic Acid Using Ionic Liquid Solution from Rosmarinus officinalis

“…Besides the aromatherapy application, carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid are the major ingredients of solvent extracts from R. officinalis . Carnosic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic diterpenoid, and many bioactivities of carnosic acid have been reported, antioxidant [1–4], antimicrobial [5], anti-inflammatory [6], anti-cancer [7], chemoprotective [8], neuroprotective [9], antiobesity [10] and so on. Rosmarinic acid has a number of biological activities such as antioxidant [11,12], anti-inflammatory [13], antimutagenicity [14], antiangiogenic [15], anti-apoptotic [16], antifibrotic [17], chemoprotective [18], neuroprotective [19], reduction of atopic dermatitis [20], photoprotection of keratinocytes [21] and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease [22].…”

Effectiveness of some herbals on initial enamel caries lesion

“…Pungent oil contents of these herbals harbor some polyphenolic ketones with many pharmacological activities. Their antifungal and antimicrobial effects on oral cavity pathogens have been reported in many studies [3][4][5][6][7] . However, there is no study in current literature about the effect of these herbal medicaments on remineralization of initial enamel caries.…”