Antimicrobial activity of coconut oil-in-water emulsion on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli EPEC associated to Candida kefyr

Abstract

Candida kefyr has been considered both a food-spoiling agent and a type of yeast with fermentation properties. In this study, the authors have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of a coconut oil-in-water emulsion associated to the presence of C. kefyr. Fresh coconut kernels were used to obtain the coconut oil-in-water emulsion, the sterile coconut oil-in-water emulsion by decantation, and the coconut oil by means of a heating process. Commercial virgin coconut oil was also used. Agar diffusion, minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC) techniques were employed to evaluate antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. epidermidis. The C. kefyr isolate was identified and confirmed. Coconut milk-derived fatty acids were characterized by acid index and thin layer chromatography. Scanning electronic microscopy was performed to evaluate the morphology of the microorganisms. Lipase activity of C. kefyr isolate was also detected. Coconut oil-in-water emulsion associated to C. kefyr was active against both bacteria. Thin layer chromatography confirmed the presence of triglycerides and free fatty acids. The acid index showed higher acidity potential for the coconut oil-in-water emulsion. The microscopic images showed antibacterial action through the formation of membrane holes' and demonstrated yeast shape. All the above show new potentials for C. kefyr and coconut oil-in-water emulsion in food technology.

Uncovering and evaluating coconut oil-loaded silica nanoemulsion as anti-viral, bacterial, and fungal: synthesis, fabrication, characterization, and biosafety profiles

“…Commercial coconut oil the lack of antimicrobial activity [6] corroborates the idea of catalytic need in the antimicrobial properties of coconut oil and coconut milk-derived products. A nano-sized emulsion can enhance functional compounds, such as bioactive lipids, antioxidants, and antimicrobials [7].…”

Potential Loading of Virgin Coconut Oil into Centrifugally‐Spun Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications

“…The addition of VCO reduced 4 % of risk, incidence rate, delay in onset, and toxicity. [67] on the Candida kefyr enzyme substrate, can also be used to inhibit bacterial growth, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli [12]. In addition, the thin film of gellan gum embedded with VCO and norfloxacin could effectively destroy Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria [16].…”

“…A total of 200 µL of VCO was proven effective in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria 13. The combination of VCO with other materials, such as VCO emulsion on the Candida kefyr enzyme substrate, can also be used to inhibit bacterial growth, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli 12. In addition, the thin film of gellan gum embedded with VCO and norfloxacin could effectively destroy Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria 16.…”

“…VCO could also be transformed into biodiesel and bioethanol [9,10]. Nowadays, VCO is broadly utilized for biomedical applications as antibacterial and anti-microorganism [11][12][13][14][15][16], anti-inflammatory [4,14,17,18], super-absorbent [7], protection and remineralization agent for tooth [19,20], skin protector [21][22][23], immune booster [24], cancer inhibitor [25], blood pressure reducer [4], obesity reducer [26,27], treatment agent for neurodegenerative syndrome such as Alzheimer [28,29], and covid-19 treatment [30]. The utilization of VCO as a functional material in the -----health sector is generally carried out by direct supplementation or modifications into other forms, such as composite solutions, thin films, lotions, and emulsions [7,22,31,32].…”