Antihypertensive Drug Utilisation Pattern Among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Maintenance Dialysis in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Abstract

BACKGROUNDThe world is facing a global epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), a major threat to health in general because of an increasing incidence, high cost of treatment and poor outcome associated with various adverse events and comorbidities. Although improved control of hypertension is known to attenuate progression of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), a little is known about the adequacy of treatment of hypertension in patients with CKD in India.

Physiological study of NGAL and Cystatin C in chronic and acute kidney disease patients

“…These findings were consistent with many previous studies that indicated GFR and proteinuria-albuminuria are the kidney functional parameters currently used to assess KD severity (Huelin et al;. (Schaalan et al, 2016;Abhisek et al, 2016) they indicated that people with kidney failure show a significance (p<0.05) increase in serum urea and creatinine when compared to healthy control group. the results also show significance difference (p<0.01) decrease in GFR levels in patients with kidney failure as compared with healthy control group, GFR declines with increasing age, which is a classic risk factor for renal failure patients.…”

NGAL as a biomarker in chronic kidney disease

“…These findings were consistent with many previous studies that indicated GFR and proteinuria-albuminuria are the kidney functional parameters currently used to assess KD severity (Huelin et al;. the results of the current study showed that there are a highly significance differences (P≤0.05) Increased levels in serum urea and creatinine values in kidney failure Patients as compared to the healthy control group, these studies are in agreement with previous studies (Ahssan et al ., 2010;Schaalan et al, 2016;Abhisek et al, 2016).the results also show significance difference (p<0.01) decrease in GFR levels in patients with kidney failure as compared with healthy control group, GFR declines with increasing age, which is a classic risk factor for renal failure patients (Levey et al, 2012).As a result, renal failure patients are more common in adults than in children. In this investigation, the primary underlying diseases for renal failure patients were identified as hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM).As a result, an active screening program for patients, particularly those at risk, such as those with HTN and diabetes, is in place, with the target of slowing the development of AKI and CKD (Al-wazni, 2017).Reduced urea filtration may be the cause of high uric acid levels in renal failure, resulting in a reduction in (GFR) in Kidney failure patients.…”