Antihypertensive Agents

Wilhelm, M.; deStevens, George

doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7094-8_8

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 182 publications

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“…Diuretics are therapeutically administered in cases of hypertension and treatment of edema [100,101], and they include benzothiadiazines (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide, epithiazide), benzoic acid derivatives (e.g.…”

Section: Diuretic Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometry in Doping Control Analysis

Thevis¹,

Schänzer

2005

COC

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Mass spectrometry has become the most frequently employed technique in doping control analysis to identify prohibited compounds ever since their use has been banned by international federations. In combination with gas or liquid chromatography and various ionization methods such as electron or chemical ionization, electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, atmospheric pressure photo ionization or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, numerous applications have been established enabling the sensitive and selective detection of prohibited drugs in matrices such as urine, blood, and hair. The classes of investigated compounds include low molecular weight drugs such as anabolic steroids, diuretics, β 2 -agonists and β-receptor blocking agents, and others as well as high molecular weight therapeutics, for instance plasma volume expanders based on polysaccharide structures (e.g. hydroxyethyl starch and dextran), hemoglobin-based oxygen therapeutics (e.g. Hemopure), or synthetic insulins. Assays for their identification are commonly based on extractive purification, chemical or enzymatic treatment (i.e. derivatization or degradation) followed by chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis employing various modern analyzers such as quadrupole, ion trap, triple-quadrupole and magnetic-sector mass spectrometers allowing the sensitive and unambiguous qualitative as well as quantitative determination of xenobiotics in elite athletes' doping control samples. Moreover, the administration of drugs naturally occurring in human beings, for instance testosterone, is uncovered by carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry that enables the differentiation between endogenous and exogenous sources. The comparison of δ-values obtained from endogenously produced steroids independent from testosterone and its metabolism with urinary testosterone and its metabolic products allow the determination of surreptitious applications.

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Section: Diuretic Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometry in Doping Control Analysis

Thevis¹,

Schänzer

2005

COC

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“…The monograph Antihypertensive Agents edited by E. SCHLITTLER was published in 1967; it contains a lot of useful information but does not mention sodium nitroprusside or diazoxide which were already available at that time. In the yearly edited volumes on Drug Research in 1962 SCHLITTLER, DRUEY and MARXER and in 1968 SCHIER amd MARXER have reviewed antihypertensive agents mainly from the chemical point of view, and the same holds true for the review by WILHELM and DE STEVENS (1976). The most recent volume has been edited by ENGELHARDT (1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Antihypertensive Drugs

Gross¹

1977

Antihypertensive Agents

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“…The knowledge of origin and assumed structure of fragment ions provides important information about the administered drug and its modifications, which is essential for different analytical laboratories, e.g., for those performing anti-doping, clinical, or forensic analyses. Modifications of drugs such as diuretics can be caused by metabolism [2][3][4][5][6] or by intentional alterations of the molecules prior to administration in order to characterize the influence of functional groups on the efficiency of the particular remedy [7][8][9][10]. For instance, the diuretic effect of chlorothiazide (6-chloro-7-sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide) was increased by a factor of 10 by the hydration of its N-3¢C-4 double bond to hydrochlorothiazide (6-chloro-7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide) [11][12][13], and the substitution of a 2,6-dimethylanilide residue by a 2,6-dimethylpiperidyl group and a hydroxyl group by a hydrogen changes the diuretic agent xipamide to clopamide ( Figure 1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the location of hydrogen abstraction on the fragmentation of diuretics in negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Thevis

Schänzer

Schmickler

2003

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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The diuretic agents bumetanide, xipamide, indapamide, and related compounds were investigated in order to determine the effect of different ionization sites on their collisionally activated dissociation and the corresponding fragmentation pathways. Therefore, analytes were selectively alkylated, and structural analogues as well as deuterium labeled compounds synthesized, which contain a reduced number of ionizable hydrogen atoms. Thus, specific hydrogen abstractions and their correlated dissociation routes of the negatively charged molecules were eliminated, providing evidence for the influence of the location of ionization on product ion spectra. Fragment ions such as m/z 78 indicate ionization at the commonly present sulfamoyl residue of diuretics but does not exclude additional ionization sites. Product ion spectra of the investigated diuretic agents proved to be composed by fragmentations initiated from different hydrogen abstractions. Moreover, the generation of radical anions by collision-activated dissociation of even-electron precursor ions was observed, the generation of which is discussed by proposed fragmentation pathways. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2003, 14, 658 -670)

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Antihypertensive Agents

Cited by 5 publications

References 182 publications

Mass Spectrometry in Doping Control Analysis

Mass Spectrometry in Doping Control Analysis

Antihypertensive Drugs

Effect of the location of hydrogen abstraction on the fragmentation of diuretics in negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

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