Antihyperglycaemic and Antihyperlipidemic Activities of <i>Pleiogynium timorense</i> Seeds and Identification of Bioactive Compounds

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate antihyperglycaemi cand antihyperlipidemic activities of Pleiogynium timorense (DC.) Leenh (Anacardiaceae) seeds as well as to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds. Antihyperglycaemic effect was evaluated by measuring the effect of two dose levels (150 and 300 mg/kg) of 70% methanol extract of Pleiogynium timorense seeds on the blood glucose level. In addition, the effect of the plant extract on the lipid profile was determined by measuring serum total lipids (TL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Furthermore, the bioactive compounds were isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectrometric methods. The results showed that the methanolic extract of the seeds significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose, (TL), (TC), (TG) and (LDL-C) but no significant effect on (HDL-C) by comparing with control group. Furthermore, four phenolic compound were isolated which were identified as; catechin, gallic acid, paramethoxybenzaldehyde and pyrogallol which were isolated for the first time from the seeds of the plant. In addition sulphur-containing compound (sulpholane) was isolated for the first time from the plant and from the family. To our knowledge, this is the first study about antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of the seeds of Pleiogynium timorense and its bioactive compounds. So, the methanolic extract of the seeds of Pleiogynium timorense could be a step towards the development of new antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic drugs.

Cytotoxic Effect, Antioxidant Potential, and Phytochemical Study of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Pleiogynium Timorense Seeds

“…These results confirmed that the seed extract is a rich source with the phytochemical constituents that contribute significantly in the plant bioactivities. This result was in agreement with what were reported by previous studies which found that flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, carbohydrate, tannins and coumarins, were detected in the leaves, bark and fruits of P. timorense with absence of alkaloids 3,4, 10 . HPLC Analysis HPLC analysis of polyphenolic compounds revealed the identification of ten polyphenolic compounds in ethyl acetate extract of P. timorense seeds representing 87.2% of the total area, where chlorogenic acid (24.7 %), catechin (17.2%), Coumaric acid (7.4%), and gallic acid (7.3 %) represent the major compounds (Table 1 and Figure 1).…”

“…IC 50 determination: Five concentrations were produced by serially dilution of extracts that exhibited an inhibition more than 50% in any of the concentrations used in the initial screening stage. Trolox stock solution: 100μM of trolox in methanol was prepared in various concentrations (5,10,15,20,30,40, and 50 μM).…”

“…The volatile constituents of the fruits exhibited a promising cytotoxic effect against different human cell lines 9 . In addition, P. timorense seeds methanol extract exhibited antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycaemic activities 10 . The leaves of the plant exhibited promising biological activities such as; antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and hypoglycaemic, activities due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds 11, 12 .…”

The Nutritional Potential of the Native Australian Green Plum (Buchanania obovata) Compared to Other Anacardiaceae Fruit and Nuts

“…The seeds of the Burdekin plum have been shown to have antihyperglycaemica and antihyperlipidemic effects on rats by significantly reducing the levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The seeds contain the phenolic compounds catechin, gallic acid, paramethoxybenzaldehyde, and pyrogallol (104). The fruit have also shown a cytotoxic effect against breast adenocarcinoma and laryngeal carcinoma human tumor cells and a moderate cytotoxic effect on human hepatoma cells (105).…”

A review of the pharmacological effects of Anacardiaceae family on controlling lipid profile (dyslipidemia)

“…Fifteen species of the Anacardiaceae family were selected to be reviewed for their pharmacological effects on controlling the lipid profile of dyslipidemia. Those species are Anacardium occidentale [17][18][19][20][21], Buchanania lanzan Spreng [22], Lennea edulis [23], Mangifera indica [24][25][26][27][28], Pistacia atlantica [29], Pistacia khinjuk [30], Pistacia lentiscus [31][32][33], Pleiogynium timorense [34], Protorhus longifolia [35], Rhus coriaria [36][37][38][39][40], Rhus mysurensis Heyne [41], Rhus verniciflua [42], Schinus terebinthifolius [43], Semecarpus anacardium [44,45], and Spondias pinnata [46,47]. As those species are varied, their substances are different, leading to their variety of pharmacological effects.…”