Antigenicity of Primary Endodontic Infection against Macrophages by the Levels of PGE2 Production

Molecular Identification of Cultivable Bacteria From Infected Root Canals Associated With Acute Apical Abscess

“…LPS has many biological activities, including fever induction, cytotoxicity, fibrinolysis and can stimulate production of bradykinin, a potent pain mediator. Clinical investigations have elucidated the strong correlation between higher levels of endotoxin in root canals with spontaneous pain and clinical symptomatology, such as pain on palpation, tenderness to percussion and exudation (26).…”

The Role of Aggregation in Fusobacterium nucleatum– induced Immune Cell Death

“…Indeed, F. nucleatum is one of the most commonly occurring bacterial species in the human gingival crevice (1). In root canals of untreated teeth as well as root-filled teeth with periapical lesions, F. nucleatum constitutes one of the most frequently isolated bacteria, and its pathogenicity has been shown to be synergistic with other oral anaerobes (2)(3)(4)(5)(6). By using immunohistologic techniques, Matsuo et al (7) demonstrated that F. nucleatum is the most abundant bacterium that invades dentinal tubules of the roots in untreated teeth with apical lesions.…”

Comparison of Endotoxin Levels Found in Primary and Secondary Endodontic Infections

“…Endotoxin is one of the most important virulent factors involved in the development of periapical inflammation (3)(4)(5), activating immune-competent cells and leading to the release of a variety of proinflammatory mediators (5)(6)(7)(8).…”

“…A primary endodontic infection is a polymicrobial infection caused predominantly by gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, especially Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Fusobacterium spp (6,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Clinical investigations of primary infections have found a correlation between endotoxins and the presence of apical periodontitis (3,6,(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”