Antifungal effects of the flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin: a possible alternative for the control of fungal biofilms

Abstract

Supplemental Figure 1. Representative images of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the effects of kaempferol and quercetin on growing biofilms of C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis. 1-3(A) Growing biofilms of C. orthopsilosis. 1(A) C. orthopsilosis unexposed growth control; 2(A) growth at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of kaempferol, notice the reduction in biofilm thickness; 3(A) growth at MIC of quercetin, notice the reduction in biofilm thickness and in the number of live cells and a decrease in the live:dead/damaged cell ratio. 1-3(B) growing biofilms of C. metapsilosis. 1(B) C. metapsilosis unexposed growth control; 2(B) growth at MIC of kaempferol and 3(B) growth at MIC of quercetin, notice the reduction in biofilm thickness and in the amount of live and dead cells, after exposure to both compounds. Side bars demonstrate biofilm thickness. Magnification: 400X. Laser: 488 nm reveals SYTO9, which demonstrates live cells (green); 561 nm reveals propidium iodide, which demonstrates dead/damaged cells (red). Scale: 100 µm. Supplemental Figure 2. Representative images of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the effects of kaempferol on mature biofilms of C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis. 1(A) C. orthopsilosis unexposed growth control. 2(A) exposure of mature biofilms of C. orthopsilosis to 10-times the minimum inhibitory concentration (10XMIC) of kaempferol, notice the reduction in biofilm thickness and in the number of live cells and an increase in the amount of dead/damaged cells. 1(B) C. metapsilosis unexposed growth control. 2(B) exposure of mature biofilms of C. metapsilosis to 10XMIC of kaempferol, notice the reduction in biofilm thickness and in the amount of live and dead/damaged cells. Side bars demonstrate biofilm thickness. Magnification: 400X.Laser: 488 nm reveals SYTO9, which demonstrates live cells (green); 561 nm reveals propidium iodide, which demonstrates dead/damaged cells (red). Scale: 100 µm.

Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Acacia saligna and Lawsonia inermis Natural Populations

“…P- coumaric acid showed antifungal effects against Botrytis cinerea [ 67 ]. Quercetin has antifungal activities against C. albicans [ 68 , 69 , 70 ]. However, this is the first report on the antifungal activities of apigenin 5-glucoside.…”

Antifungal activity of extracts and purified saponins from the rhizomes of Chamaecostus cuspidatus against Candida and Trichophyton species

“…Among these compounds, the steroidal sapogenins have been reported to lack antifungal activity (Yang et al 2006). On the other hand, the flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol have good antifungal effect against both planktonic and biofilm-embedded C. parapsilosis species complex (Rocha et al 2019). Thus, although there is little likelihood that these flavonoids would be found in significant amounts in Hex Fr, we cannot rule out that at least part of the antifungal effects be due to other unidentified compounds, even considering that dioscin (1) and aferoside A (2) were detected as major compounds in Hex Fr.…”

Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Composite Polyethylene Materials Reinforced with Neem and Turmeric

“…On the other hand, neem has shown greater efficiency against fungal infection of C. albicans. The antifungal effect of neem powder is also associated with the presence of quercetin, which has shown effects against various strains of Candida [39].…”