Antifungal activity and potential mechanism of magnoflorine against Trichophyton rubrum

Luo, Nanxuan; Jin, Liang; Yang, Chen; Zhu, Yong; Yang, Xiaoli; Li, Xuegang; Zhang, Baoshun

doi:10.1038/s41429-020-00380-4

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In this experiment, PB obviously amplified the nucleotide leakage of T. rubrum in a concentration-dependent manner after 4 or 8 h of incubation. Similar results were recorded in the studies concerning the effects of magnoflorine and AMB on the cellular material leakage of T. rubrum [53]. It suggested that the interaction of PB with cell membrane increased fluidity and permeability, causing cytoplasmic membrane degradation and loss in T. rubrum.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Ergosterol biosynthesis relates to a complex metabolic process. SE and CYP51 are among the key enzymes in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway [53]. For most of fungi, SE is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that catalyses the epoxidation of squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene, thereby leading to a cascade of ergosterol biosynthetic pathways [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isoflavaspidic Acid PB Extracted from Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott Inhibits Trichophyton rubrum Growth via Membrane Permeability Alternation and Ergosterol Biosynthesis Disruption

Zhang

Liu

Shen

et al. 2022

BioMed Research International

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Isoflavaspidic acid PB (PB), a phloroglucinol derivative extracted from aerial parts of Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott, had antifungal activity against several dermatophytes. This study was aimed at exploring the antifungal mechanism of PB against Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum). The effectiveness of PB in inhibiting T. rubrum growth was detected by time-kill kinetics study and fungal biomass determination. Studies on the mechanism of action were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), sorbitol and ergosterol assay, nucleotide leakage measurement, and UPLC-based test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fungicidal activity of PB was concentration- and time-dependent at 2 × MIC (MIC: 20 μg/mL) after 36 h. The total biomass of T. rubrum was reduced by 64.17%, 77.65%, and 84.71% in the presence of PB at 0.5 × MIC , 1 × MIC , and 2 × MIC , respectively. SEM analysis showed that PB changed mycelial morphology, such as shrinking, twisting, collapsing, and even flattening. TEM images of treated cells exhibited abnormal distributions of polysaccharide particles, plasmolysis, and cytoplasmic content degradation accompanied by plasmalemma disruption. There were no changes in the MIC of PB in the presence of sorbitol. However, the MIC values of PB were increased by 4-fold with exogenous ergosterol. At 4 h and 8 h, PB increased nucleotide leakage. Besides, ergosterol content in T. rubrum membrane treated with PB at 0.5 × MIC , 1 × MIC , and 2 × MIC was decreased by 9.58%, 15.31%, and 76.24%, respectively. There was a dose-dependent decrease in the squalene epoxidase (SE) activity. And the reduction in the sterol 14α-demethylase P450 (CYP51) activity was achieved after PB treatments at 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC . These results suggest that PB displays nonspecific action on the cell wall. The membrane damaging effects of PB were attributed to binding with ergosterol to increase membrane permeability and interfering ergosterol biosynthesis involved with the reduction of SE and CYP51 activities. Further study is needed to develop PB as a natural antifungal candidate for clinical use.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isoflavaspidic Acid PB Extracted from Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott Inhibits Trichophyton rubrum Growth via Membrane Permeability Alternation and Ergosterol Biosynthesis Disruption

Zhang

Liu

Shen

et al. 2022

BioMed Research International

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“…This bioactive compound has been shown to inhibit hyphal growth and alter mycelial morphology. In this study, magnoflorin showed no effects on cell wall integrity, but destroyed the fungal cell membrane by increasing nucleic acid leakage, decreased the enzymatic activity of squalene epoxidase and CYP51, and decreased the ergosterol content in hyphae ( Kim et al, 2018 ; Luo et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Natural Products With Antifungal Activitymentioning

confidence: 62%

Natural Compounds With Antimicrobial and Antiviral Effect and Nanocarriers Used for Their Transportation

Stan

Enciu

Mateescu³

et al. 2021

Front. Pharmacol.

104

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Due to the increasing prevalence of life-threatening bacterial, fungal and viral infections and the ability of these human pathogens to develop resistance to current treatment strategies, there is a great need to find and develop new compunds to combat them. These molecules must have low toxicity, specific activity and high bioavailability. The most suitable compounds for this task are usually derived from natural sources (animal, plant or even microbial). In this review article, the latest and most promising natural compounds used to combat bacteria, filamentous fungi and viruses are presented and evaluated. These include plant extracts, essential oils, small antimicrobial peptides of animal origin, bacteriocins and various groups of plant compounds (triterpenoids; alkaloids; phenols; flavonoids) with antimicrobial and antiviral activity. Data are presented on the inhibitory activity of each natural antimicrobial substance and on the putative mechanism of action against bacterial and fungal strains. The results show that among the bioactive compounds studied, triterpenoids have significant inhibitory activity against coronaviruses, but flavonoids have also been shown to inhibit SARS-COV-2. The last chapter is devoted to nanocarriers used to improve stability, bioavailability, cellular uptake/internalization, pharmacokinetic profile and reduce toxicity of natural compunds. There are a number of nanocarriers such as liposomes, drug delivery microemulsion systems, nanocapsules, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, etc. However, some of the recent studies have focused on the incorporation of natural substances with antimicrobial/antiviral activity into polymeric nanoparticles, niosomes and silver nanoparticles (which have been shown to have intrinsic antimicrobial activity). The natural antimicrobials isolated from animals and microorganisms have been shown to have good inhibitory effect on a range of pathogens, however the plants remain the most prolific source. Even if the majority of the studies for the biological activity evaluation are in silico or in vitro, their internalization in the optimum nanocarriers represents the future of “green therapeutics” as shown by some of the recent work in the field.

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“…Previous reports showed that alkaloids can inhibit ergosterol's biosynthesis of pathogenic yeasts [35,36]. In addition, the alkaloid magnoflorine affected the cell membrane by reducing the ergosterol content of Trichophyton rubrum, the etiological agent of Tinea pedis [37]. Medina et al (2012) demonstrated that the glycoalkaloid tomatine induced some alterations in sterol metabolism of L. amazonensis in addition to ultrastructure damages and mitochondrion dysfunction [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Natural Alkaloid Tryptanthrin Induces Apoptosis-like Death in Leishmania spp.

et al. 2022

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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease against which there are no approved vaccines, and the treatment is based on highly toxic drugs. The alkaloids consist of a chemical class of natural nitrogen-containing substances with a long history of antileishmanial activity. The present study aimed at determining the antileishmanial activity and in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicological potentials of tryptanthrin alkaloid. The anti-Leishmania amazonensis and anti-L. infantum assays were performed against both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Cellular viability was determined by parasites’ ability to grow (promastigotes) or differentiate (amastigotes) after incubation with tryptanthrin. The mechanisms of action were explored by mitochondrion dysfunction and apoptosis-like death evaluation. For the computational pharmacokinetics and toxicological analysis (ADMET), tryptanthrin was submitted to the PreADMET webserver. The alkaloid displayed anti-promastigote activity against L. amazonensis and L. infantum (IC50 = 11 and 8.0 μM, respectively). Tryptanthrin was active against intracellular amastigotes with IC50 values of 75 and 115 μM, respectively. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was observed in tryptanthrin-treated promastigotes. In addition, parasites undergoing apoptosis-like death were detected after 18 h of exposure. In silico ADMET predictions revealed that tryptanthrin has pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties similar to miltefosine. The results presented herein demonstrate that tryptanthrin is an interesting drug candidate against leishmaniasis.

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Antifungal activity and potential mechanism of magnoflorine against Trichophyton rubrum

Cited by 23 publications

References 36 publications

Isoflavaspidic Acid PB Extracted from Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott Inhibits Trichophyton rubrum Growth via Membrane Permeability Alternation and Ergosterol Biosynthesis Disruption

Isoflavaspidic Acid PB Extracted from Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott Inhibits Trichophyton rubrum Growth via Membrane Permeability Alternation and Ergosterol Biosynthesis Disruption

Natural Compounds With Antimicrobial and Antiviral Effect and Nanocarriers Used for Their Transportation

The Natural Alkaloid Tryptanthrin Induces Apoptosis-like Death in Leishmania spp.

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