Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Monterey Cypress Phytochemicals: In Vivo and In Vitro Approach

Abstract

Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) is a decorative plant; however, it possesses various pharmacological activities. Therefore, we explored the phytochemical profile of C. macrocarpa root methanol extract (CRME) for the first time. Moreover, we investigated its antidiarrheal (in vivo), antibacterial, and antibiofilm (in vitro) activities against Salmonella enterica clinical isolates. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of CRME detected the presence of 39 compounds, besides isolation of 2,3,2″,3″-tetrahydro-4′-O-methyl amentoflavone, amentoflavone, and dihydrokaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside for the first time. Dihydrokaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside presented the highest antimicrobial activity and the range of values of MICs against S. enterica isolates was from 64 to 256 µg/mL. The antidiarrheal activity of CRME was investigated by induction of diarrhea using castor oil, and exhibited a significant reduction in diarrhea and defecation frequency at all doses, enteropooling (at 400 mg/kg), and gastrointestinal motility (at 200, 400 mg/kg) in mice. The antidiarrheal index of CRME increased in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of CRME on various membrane characters of S. enterica was studied after typing the isolates by ERIC-PCR. Its impact on efflux and its antibiofilm activity were inspected. The biofilm morphology was observed using light and scanning electron microscopes. The effect on efflux activity and biofilm formation was further elucidated using qRT-PCR. A significant increase in inner and outer membrane permeability and a significant decrease in integrity and depolarization (using flow cytometry) were detected with variable percentages. Furthermore, a significant reduction in efflux and biofilm formation was observed. Therefore, CRME could be a promising source for treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases.

Promising Antifungal Activity of Encephalartos laurentianus de Wild against Candida albicans Clinical Isolates: In Vitro and In Vivo Effects on Renal Cortex of Adult Albino Rats

“…Our findings align with prior research on the antimicrobial properties of certain flavonoids or flavonoid glycosides, such as myricetin [ 57 , 58 ], apigenin derivatives [ 59 ], luteolin derivatives [ 60 ], epicatechin [ 57 ], anthocyanidin derivatives [ 61 , 62 ], biflavonoids derivatives [ 13 , 14 , 63 , 64 ], coumarines derivatives [ 65 , 66 ], harmaline alkaloid [ 67 ].…”

Encephalartos villosus Lem. Displays a Strong In Vivo and In Vitro Antifungal Potential against Candida glabrata Clinical Isolates

“…The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory of EVME were consistent with prior research on the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of certain flavonoids or flavonoid glycosides, such as apigenin, kaempferol, and luteolin derivatives [ 14 , 44 , 45 ], as well as naringenin [ 37 ], daidzein [ 46 ], biflavonoid derivatives [ 19 , 37 , 47 , 48 ], and coumarin derivatives [ 49 , 50 ].…”

In Vivo and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates

“…Thus, many researchers have focused their studies on the exploration of new antimicrobial compounds against various types of pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus. Natural products such as plants are showing promising antimicrobial activity with relatively low toxicity, low cost, and high bioavailability [18][19][20][21][22][23]. Herein, we used GTLE for the green synthesis of AgNPs.…”