Antidepressant-like Effect of Altered Korean Red Ginseng in Mice

Kim, Na-Hyung; Kim, Kyu-Yeob; Jeong, Hyun‐Ja; Kim, Hyung-Min

doi:10.1080/08964289.2011.566591

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…However, such changes have been shown by studies on blood flow 32 or a forced swimming test in mice. 33 They have not been shown by the emotional state of humans. Depression is normally measured by questionnaires such as the self-report BDI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of fermented red ginseng on depression is mediated by lipids

Lee

Ji²

2013

Nutritional Neuroscience

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of fermented red ginseng on depression is mediated by lipids

Lee

Ji²

2013

Nutritional Neuroscience

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“…Related studies demonstrated that 1 week of insulin treatment at 0.1 IU/g/day partially antagonized these depressive-like behaviours of streptozotocin-diabetic mice [44], while treatment with insulin at 1.0 IU/kg had a significant enhancing effect on the percentage of open-arm duration in anxious mice [45]. In accordance with these findings, XYS/RTSES improved the regulation of blood glucose and increased the insulin sensitivity in reserpine-induced glucose intolerance in mice, indicating that the antidepressant effect of XYS/RTSES may be partially caused by improvement of the reserpine-induced glucose intolerance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Room-temperature super-extraction system (RTSES) optimizes the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like behavioural effects of traditional Xiao-Yao-San in mice

et al. 2012

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BackgroundXiao-Yao-San (XYS) is a Chinese medicinal formula for treating anxiety and depression. This study aims to evaluate the use of a room-temperature super-extraction system (RTSES) to extract the major active components of XYS and enhance their psycho-pharmacological effects.MethodsThe neuroprotective roles of XYS/RTSES against reserpine-derived neurotoxicity were evaluated using a glial cell injury system (in vitro) and a depression-like C57BL/6 J mouse model (in vivo). The anxiolytic-behavioural effects were measured by the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test and the antidepressant effects were evaluated by the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were assayed by ELISA. The expression of 5-HT1A receptors in the prefrontal cortex was examined by western blotting.ResultsXYS/RTSES (300 μg/mL) diminished reserpine-induced glial cell death more effectively than either XYS (300 μg/mL) or fluoxetine (30 μM) at 24 h (P = 0.0481 and P = 0.054, respectively). Oral administration of XYS/RTSES (500 mg/kg/day) for 4 consecutive weeks significantly elevated the ratios of entries (open arms/closed arms; P = 0.0177) and shuttle activity (P = 0.00149) on the EPM test, and reduced the immobility time by 90% on the TST (P = 0.00000538) and FST (P = 0.0000053839). XYS/RTSES also improved the regulation of blood glucose (P = 0.0305) and increased the insulin sensitivity (P = 0.0093). The Western blot results indicated that the activation of cerebral 5-HT1A receptors may be involved in the mechanisms of XYS/RTSES actions.ConclusionThe RTSES could provide a novel method for extracting effective anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like substances. XYS/RTSES improved the regulation of blood glucose and increased the insulin sensitivity in reserpine-induced anxiety and depression. Neuroprotection of glial cells and activation of cerebral 5-HT1A receptors were also involved.

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“…[28][29][30] Ginseng has been traditionally used for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression: it attenuates stress-induced corticosterone and IL-6 by regulation of cortical cells of adrenal and pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion and induces anxiolytic-like effects in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test in mice. [31][32][33][34][35] Of its constituents, ginsenosides Rb1, Rh2, Rg5/Rk mixture, and Rg1 also showed an anxiolytic effect (i.e., mice treated with these ginsenosides increased the time spent in the open arm (OT) or open arm entries (OE) in the EPM test). 14,[36][37][38] However, orally administered protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides are metabolized to their aglycones, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT), via compound K and ginsenoside Rh1, respectively, by gut microbiota.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-stress Effects of 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxadiol and 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxatriol in Immobilized Mice

Kim²,

Choi

et al. 2015

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Stress is a common and unavoidable phenomenon in human life.1,2) Exposure to stress induces glucocorticoid release via the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and it modulates immune cells and further modulates cytokine production.3-5) Among these cytokines, proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are up-regulated by stress and are associated with host defense systems.6) The failure to cope with stress exacerbates both psychological and immune disorders, including anxiety, depression, cardiovascular disturbances, neuronal degeneration of the central nervous system and chronic fatigue syndromes. 7,8) Ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER, Araliaceae) has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various maladies such as inflammation, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and stress. Its representative constituents are dammarane-type ginsenosides, which are classified into protopanaxadiols, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd, and protopanaxatriols such as ginsenosides Re and Rg1.9,10) These ginsenosides have been previously reported to show various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, 10,11) anti-allergic, 12) anxiolytic, 13) anti-stress 14) and anti-tumor activities. 16-19) These metabolites have many pharmacological activities similar to ginseng, including anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects.20-22) Therefore, to understand the pharmacological effect of ginseng, understanding the biological activities of two metabolites, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol, of various ginsenosides is important. Nevertheless, the pharmacological effects of the ginsenoside metabolites have not been studied thoroughly.In our preliminary study, we also found that ginseng saponin extract showed anti-stress effect in mice. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated further the anti-stress effects of ginseng saponin metabolites, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT), in immobilized mice. MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterials Bicuculline, buspirone, dexamethasone, flumazenil and WAY-100635 were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (purity ≥98% by HPLC) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (purity ≥98% by HPLC) were purchased from Ambo Institute (Daejeon, Korea). Orally administered 20(S)-protopanaxadiol and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol were suspended in 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution and intraperitoneally injected buspirone, flumazenil, bicuculline, and WAY-100635 were dissolved in sterilized saline.Animals Male ICR mice (age, 7 weeks-old; weight, 24-28 g) were purchased from Samtako Biokorea (Seoul, Korea) and acclimated for 1 week before use. All animals were maintained under a constant temperature (24±2°C) and humidity (60±10%) with an alternating 12 h light-dark cycle. They were fed standard laboratory chow (Samyang Co., Seoul, Korea) with tap water ad libitum. Each group consisted of 7 mice for all experiments. The mice were randomly divided

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Antidepressant-like Effect of Altered Korean Red Ginseng in Mice

Cited by 22 publications

References 28 publications

The effect of fermented red ginseng on depression is mediated by lipids

The effect of fermented red ginseng on depression is mediated by lipids

Room-temperature super-extraction system (RTSES) optimizes the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like behavioural effects of traditional Xiao-Yao-San in mice

Anti-stress Effects of 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxadiol and 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxatriol in Immobilized Mice

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