The effect of fermented red ginseng on depression is mediated by lipids

Lee, Kwang Jo; Ji, Geun Eog

doi:10.1179/1476830513y.0000000059

Cited by 29 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Clinical studies on 35 female outpatients aging from 18 to 65 years who were remitted from major depression with residual symptoms and given Korean Red Ginseng at a dose of 3 g/day reported significant decrease in depressive symptoms on the Depression Residual Symptom Scale (DRSS) and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating over an 8-week period (Jeong et al, 2014 ). Another study of possible casual relation between hormones, energy sources, and minerals indicated that depression was related to serum lipids including cholesterol, and that fermented red ginseng had beneficial effects on depression by modulating this relation (Lee and Ji, 2014 ).…”

Section: Protective Effects Of Ginseng On Neurological Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective effects of ginseng on neurological disorders

Ong

Farooqui

Koh

et al. 2015

Front. Aging Neurosci.

162

101

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Ginseng (Order: Apiales, Family: Araliaceae, Genus: Panax) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for over 2000 years, and is recorded to have antianxiety, antidepressant and cognition enhancing properties. The protective effects of ginseng on neurological disorders are discussed in this review. Ginseng species and ginsenosides, and their intestinal metabolism and bioavailability are briefly introduced. This is followed by molecular mechanisms of effects of ginseng on the brain, including glutamatergic transmission, monoamine transmission, estrogen signaling, nitric oxide (NO) production, the Keap1/Nrf2 adaptive cellular stress pathway, neuronal survival, apoptosis, neural stem cells and neuroregeneration, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and cerebral microvessels. The molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of ginseng in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) including β-amyloid (Aβ) formation, tau hyperphosphorylation and oxidative stress, major depression, stroke, Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis are presented. It is hoped that this discussion will stimulate more studies on the use of ginseng in neurological disorders.

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Section: Protective Effects Of Ginseng On Neurological Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective effects of ginseng on neurological disorders

Ong

Farooqui

Koh

et al. 2015

Front. Aging Neurosci.

162

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Korean red ginseng powder also reduced urinary BPA and MDA levels in young females and reduced the severity of gynecological complaints [ 9 ]. Fermented red ginseng improved cognitive depression in postmenopausal females [ 51 ]. Panax ginseng extract (G115) reduced noise-induced temporary threshold shifts in textile workers [ 44 ], but had no effect on pain and fatigue in patients with fibromyalgia [ 45 ] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Analysis of Panax Ginseng in Randomized Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review

et al. 2015

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Background: Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is one of the most frequently used herbs in the world. The roots of Panax ginseng have been used as a traditional tonic and medicine for thousands of years in Korea and China. Today, ginseng root is used as a dietary supplement and complementary medicine and for adjuvant therapeutics worldwide. The efficacy of ginseng has been studied in a wide range of basic research and clinical studies. However, it has been reported that the results from clinical studies are conflicting, and they depend on the parameters of the protocol design including the conditions of the participants and the types of ginseng used such as red ginseng, white ginseng, fermented ginseng and cultured ginseng. Meanwhile, in addition to clinical efficacy, the safety of ginseng is a highly important matter for customers. With globally increasing demand for Panax ginseng as a dietary supplement or complementary medicine, it is necessary to provide information on its safe use to customers to improve their health conditions. Although the safety of Panax ginseng in pre-clinical studies is well known, the evaluation of safety in clinical studies has so far been insufficient. This systematic review was conducted to assess the safety of ginseng in randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT) over the last 10 years. We chose the last 10 years because many clinical trials have been conducted in the past 10 years, and it will help to understand the recent trends in RCTs of ginseng.Methods: Articles on ginseng studies were searched with keywords in MEDLINE and four other Korean online database sites. Studies with ginseng as a monopreparation were selected while studies with single administration, preparations combined with other herbs or drug combinations were excluded from the selected studies. Data from the selected studies meeting the criteria were extracted and reviewed in terms of study design, condition and number of participants, type of ginseng, dosage, duration, main results, adverse events and adverse reactions.Results: Forty-four studies met the selection criteria. These studies covered the efficacy of ginseng in areas such as cardiovascular function, glucose metabolism, sexual function, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue and psychomotor function. Twenty-nine studies showed positive results while fifteen studies showed no effect. Sixteen studies reported adverse events while five studies had no adverse events. Twenty-three studies did not mention any adverse events. The main adverse events of ginseng reported were general symptoms such as hot flushes, insomnia and dyspepsia with no significant difference in frequency and symptoms between the ginseng and placebo groups. The symptoms were mild and temporary with no serious or severe adverse events.Conclusion: Panax ginseng showed a very safe profile in a limited number of RCTs with a small number of participants with various conditions ranging from healthy participants to patients with symptoms. However, to increase the usefulness and lower the health risk of Panax gins...

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“…In parallel with this, there have been several clinical trials on depression. Lee and Ji [53] showed that fermented red P. ginseng had beneficial effects on depression by altering lipids. In addition, Jeong et al.…”

Section: Disease Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Systems-level mechanisms of action of Panax ginseng: a network pharmacological approach

Park

Kim

et al. 2018

Journal of Ginseng Research

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Panax ginseng has been used since ancient times based on the traditional Asian medicine theory and clinical experiences, and currently, is one of the most popular herbs in the world. To date, most of the studies concerning P. ginseng have focused on specific mechanisms of action of individual constituents. However, in spite of many studies on the molecular mechanisms of P. ginseng, it still remains unclear how multiple active ingredients of P. ginseng interact with multiple targets simultaneously, giving the multidimensional effects on various conditions and diseases. In order to decipher the systems-level mechanism of multiple ingredients of P. ginseng, a novel approach is needed beyond conventional reductive analysis. We aim to review the systems-level mechanism of P. ginseng by adopting novel analytical framework–network pharmacology. Here, we constructed a compound-target network of P. ginseng using experimentally validated and machine learning-based prediction results. The targets of the network were analyzed in terms of related biological process, pathways, and diseases. The majority of targets were found to be related with primary metabolic process, signal transduction, nitrogen compound metabolic process, blood circulation, immune system process, cell-cell signaling, biosynthetic process, and neurological system process. In pathway enrichment analysis of targets, mainly the terms related with neural activity showed significant enrichment and formed a cluster. Finally, relative degrees analysis for the target-disease association of P. ginseng revealed several categories of related diseases, including respiratory, psychiatric, and cardiovascular diseases.

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The effect of fermented red ginseng on depression is mediated by lipids

Abstract: Based on the analysis used in this model, the effect of FRG consumption on CD occurred via the energy factor, which is mainly attributable to cholesterol.

Cited by 29 publications

References 33 publications

Protective effects of ginseng on neurological disorders

Protective effects of ginseng on neurological disorders

Safety Analysis of Panax Ginseng in Randomized Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review

Systems-level mechanisms of action of Panax ginseng: a network pharmacological approach

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