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Depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder, which affects 21% of the world population. The presently using drugs can impose a variety of side-effects including cardiac toxicity, hypopiesia, sexual dysfunction, body weight gain, and sleep disorder. Ayurvedic medicine may be a powerful weapon given by our nature to cure disease. Considering the importance of plants as sources of drugs even today people are adopting different herbal drugs for the treatment of assorted diseases. During the last decade, there is a growing interest in the therapeutic effects of natural products on mental disorders. This study planned to assess antidepressant like activity of methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea Linn. (fabaceae). Soxhlet extraction method was used for methanolic extraction. Antidepressant activity was studied using forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Two doses 200 and 400 mg/kg of methanolic extract of flower were selected for testing. Imipramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) were used as the reference standard drugs. Methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea flower significantly reduced immobility time in both TST and FST. Extract increased the climbing behavior in FST, which is similar to effect observed with imipramine. The results of this study suggest that antidepressant like effect of Clitoria ternatea seems to be mediated by an increase in norepinephrine level in synapses. However further study is needed to understand mechanism of action and to isolate the active component responsible for antidepressant like activity.
Depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder, which affects 21% of the world population. The presently using drugs can impose a variety of side-effects including cardiac toxicity, hypopiesia, sexual dysfunction, body weight gain, and sleep disorder. Ayurvedic medicine may be a powerful weapon given by our nature to cure disease. Considering the importance of plants as sources of drugs even today people are adopting different herbal drugs for the treatment of assorted diseases. During the last decade, there is a growing interest in the therapeutic effects of natural products on mental disorders. This study planned to assess antidepressant like activity of methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea Linn. (fabaceae). Soxhlet extraction method was used for methanolic extraction. Antidepressant activity was studied using forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Two doses 200 and 400 mg/kg of methanolic extract of flower were selected for testing. Imipramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) were used as the reference standard drugs. Methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea flower significantly reduced immobility time in both TST and FST. Extract increased the climbing behavior in FST, which is similar to effect observed with imipramine. The results of this study suggest that antidepressant like effect of Clitoria ternatea seems to be mediated by an increase in norepinephrine level in synapses. However further study is needed to understand mechanism of action and to isolate the active component responsible for antidepressant like activity.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of Loxoprofen on serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine levels in absence or presence of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after chronic mild stress treatment in mice brain. Background: It has been reported that there is an abnormal prostaglandin levels in depression. Several studies indicated that there has been an elevated level of prostaglandins in depression. It has been reported that Loxoprofen remarkably decrease the PGE2 level in regions of brain. Method: There was an estimation of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine levels in mice brain after 21 days of chronic mild stress schedule in which mice were subjected to treatment of Loxoprofen (16.8mg/kg, p.o.) or Venlafexine (4mg/kg, i.p.) with or without treatment of LPS (0.5mg/kg, i.p.) for last 14 days. Results: There was a significant decrease in brain serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine levels in stressed mice as compared to normal mice. There was a significant decrease in brain serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine levels in LPS treated stressed mice as compared to LPS treated normal mice. The treatment of Loxoprofen in LPS treated stressed mice showed a significant increase in brain serotonin and noradrenaline levels but not dopamine levels as compared to LPS treated stressed mice. The treatment of Venlafexine in LPS treated stressed mice showed a significant increase in all above mentioned three brain neurotransmitters levels as compared to LPS treated stressed mice.Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that Loxoprofen influence the LPS induced alterations in serotonin and noradrenaline levels in mice brain after 21 day exposure of chronic mild stress schedule. It can indicate the possible antidepressant-like effect of Loxoprofen in mice subjected to chronic mild stress schedule, having its possible implication in future treatment of depression.
In this study, sinapic acid was evaluated for its effect on depressive behavior of normal mice and stressed mice. Swiss albino male mice were given unpredictable mild stressors for twenty-one consecutive days to produce depressive behavior. Sinapic acid (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) were given orally to mice for twenty-one days in succession. Depressive behavior was detected by tail suspension test and sucrose preference test. After behavioral testing, biochemical estimations were performed in plasma (nitrite, corticosterone) and brain (MAO-A, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, catalase, TNF-α). Histopathological studies on the brain were also performed. The immobility time of mice in the tail suspension test was remarkably decreased by sinapic acid (5 and 10 mg/kg). Sinapic acid restored the decreased sucrose preference in mice exposed to the stress paradigm. It also remarkably lowered concentration of plasma nitrite and corticosterone; brain malondialdehyde, monoamine oxidase- A and TNF-α; and increased the concentration of brain catalase and GSH in normal mice and also stressed mice. Histopathological studies indicated protective effect of sinapic acid against hyperchromatic nuclei in the brain. Thus, sinapic acid produced remarkable antidepressant effect in normal mice and also stressed mice. The possible mechanisms for the observed antidepressant effect of sinapic acid might be through inhibition of brain MAO-A, amelioration of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress; decrease of plasma corticosterone and protection against hyperchromatic nuclei in the brain.
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