Anticipating rotavirus vaccines: epidemiology and surveillance of rotavirus in South Africa

Steele, A. Duncan; Peenze, Ina; Beer, M.; Pager, Cara T.; Yeats, Jane; Potgieter, Natasha; Ramsaroop, Ugendri; Page, Nicola; Mitchell, J. H.; Geyer, A.; Bos, P.K.; Alexander, J. J.

doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00615-1

Cited by 81 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The P genotypes in the irrigation water samples were predominantly P [6], whereas P [4], P [8], and P [9] were also detected ( Table 3). The occurrence of types G8, G9, and P [6] in the water sources is reflected in the emergence of these types in clinical infections in the same geographical regions (36,47,50), suggesting that water serves as a potential reservoir and vehicle of infection. The emergence of unusual RV types (G9 and P [6]) in sewage samples in a different part of Africa, namely, Cairo, has also recently been documented (57).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Rotaviruses in Water Sources and Selected Raw Vegetables in Southern Africa

Zyl

Page

Grabow

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Group A rotaviruses (RVs) are the most important cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children. In this study raw and treated drinking water supplies at plants in two geographic areas, as well as selected irrigation water and corresponding raw vegetables in three regions of southern Africa, were screened for the presence of RVs using molecular techniques. Group A RVs were detected in 11.8% of partially treated and 1.7% of finally treated drinking water samples and in 14% of irrigation water samples and 1.7% of corresponding raw vegetable samples. Type-specific reverse transcriptase-PCR and sequence analysis revealed the presence of multiple types (G1, G2, G8, and G9) in irrigation water and single types (G1 or G3) in raw and treated drinking water. Group A RVs detected in all samples consisted of mixed P types (P

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Rotaviruses in Water Sources and Selected Raw Vegetables in Southern Africa

Zyl

Page

Grabow

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…All the authors participated in the preparation of the manuscript and made the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. In South Africa, healthy infants, 5 to 10 weeks of age, were 8,9 Since rotavirus is known to circulate year-round in Malawi, 10 infants in Malawi were enrolled from October 2006 through July 2007. Infants were randomly assigned individually, in a 1:1:1 ratio, into three groups to receive two doses of the rotavirus vaccine at 10 and 14 weeks of age; three doses of the vaccine at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age; or three doses of placebo.…”

Section: Study Design and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Human Rotavirus Vaccine on Severe Diarrhea in African Infants

et al. 2010

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BackgroundRotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis among young children worldwide. Data are needed to assess the efficacy of the rotavirus vaccine in African children. MethodsWe conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial in South Africa (3166 infants; 64.1% of the total) and Malawi (1773 infants; 35.9% of the total) to evaluate the efficacy of a live, oral rotavirus vaccine in preventing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Healthy infants were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive two doses of vaccine (in addition to one dose of placebo) or three doses of vaccine -the pooled vaccine group -or three doses of placebo at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Episodes of gastroenteritis caused by wild-type rotavirus during the first year of life were assessed through active follow-up surveillance and were graded with the use of the Vesikari scale. Results A total of 4939 infants were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the three groups; 1647 infants received two doses of the vaccine, 1651 infants received three doses of the vaccine, and 1641 received placebo. Of the 4417 infants included in the per-protocol efficacy analysis, severe rotavirus gastroenteritis occurred in 4.9% of the infants in the placebo group and in 1.9% of those in the pooled vaccine group (vaccine efficacy, 61.2%; 95% confidence interval, 44.0 to 73.2). Vaccine efficacy was lower in Malawi than in South Africa (49.4% vs. 76.9%); however, the number of episodes of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis that were prevented was greater in Malawi than in South Africa (6.7 vs. 4.2 cases prevented per 100 infants vaccinated per year). Efficacy against all-cause severe gastroenteritis was 30.2%. At least one serious adverse event was reported in 9.7% of the infants in the pooled vaccine group and in 11.5% of the infants in the placebo group. Conclusions Human rotavirus vaccine significantly reduced the incidence of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis among African infants during the first year of life. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00241644.)

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“…2 In a review of relevant published studies, the median rate of rotavirus detection reported among children hospitalized for diarrhoea in South Africa was found to be 24% (range: 13-55%). 3,4 Two live oral vaccines against rotavirus -Rotarix ® (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) and RotaTeq ® (Merck Vaccines, Whitehouse Station, United States of America) -have been licensed for international use. Both are being introduced into national immunization programmes, in accordance with World Health Organization recommendations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of breastfeeding on immunogenicity of oral live-attenuated human rotavirus vaccine: a randomized trial in HIV-uninfected infants in Soweto, South Africa

Groome

Moon

Velásquez

et al. 2014

Bull. World Health Organ.

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Anticipating rotavirus vaccines: epidemiology and surveillance of rotavirus in South Africa

Cited by 81 publications

References 25 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Rotaviruses in Water Sources and Selected Raw Vegetables in Southern Africa

Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Rotaviruses in Water Sources and Selected Raw Vegetables in Southern Africa

Effect of Human Rotavirus Vaccine on Severe Diarrhea in African Infants

Effect of breastfeeding on immunogenicity of oral live-attenuated human rotavirus vaccine: a randomized trial in HIV-uninfected infants in Soweto, South Africa

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