Anticancer effects and potential mechanisms of ginsenoside Rh2 in various cancer types (Review)

Zhang, Haibo; Park, Song; Huang, Hai; Kim, Eungyung; Yi, Junkoo; Choi, Seong‐Kyoon; Ryoo, Zae-Young; Kim, Myoungok

doi:10.3892/or.2021.7984

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Ginsenoside Rh2, the primary active extract of Ginseng, is considered as a broad anticancer agent [21]. According to one study [22], ginsenoside Rh2 has the advantages of low toxicity, low molecular weight, and good fat solubility. And its ability to inhibit the proliferation and migration of tumor cells and angiogenesis has been well documented [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Rh2 Suppresses Metastasis and Growth of Colon Cancer via miR-491

Wei

Guo

et al. 2021

Journal of Oncology

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Ginsenoside Rh2 is considered as a new direction for future cancer treatment because of its excellent anticancer effect. However, due to its low bioavailability, it cannot exert its significant anticancer effect when applied directly to the human body. Chitosan (CS), a nanomaterial, has been verified to be able to enhance drug efficacy via its coating for drugs. Thus, we designed this study to investigate the impact of CS-coated ginsenoside Rh2 on the metastasis and growth of colon cancer (CC). First, ginsenoside Rh2 chitosan tripolyphosphate (CS-Rh2-TPP) nanoparticles (NPs) were constructed, and MTT, transwell, scratch adhesion, and flow cytometry assays were carried out for determining the impact of CS-Rh2-TPP at various concentrations on growth, metastasis, and apoptosis of colon cancer cells (CCCs). qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of mircoRNA-491 (miR-491) in CCCs. According to TEM-based image analysis, CS-Rh2-TPP NPs were spherical or spheroidal in even distribution, with a particle size of about 220 mm and a zeta potential of −44.58 ± 2.84 mV. Additionally, CCCs presented lower miR-491 than normal colon cells, and its relative expression in CCCs showed a stronger increase after intervention of CS-Rh2-TPP than that after intervention of ginsenoside Rh2. Moreover, CS-Rh2-TPP suppressed the activity, invasion, as well as migration of CCCs and accelerated their apoptosis more significantly than ginsenoside Rh2. According to these results, CS-Rh2-TPP is able to upregulate miR-491 in CCCs, thus suppressing the metastasis and growth of CC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Rh2 Suppresses Metastasis and Growth of Colon Cancer via miR-491

Wei

Guo

et al. 2021

Journal of Oncology

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“…Anticancer [43,44], neuroprotective [45] *B> [12] Rh1 Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective [46] B~ [12] Rh2 Anti-cancer [47] nil [12,42] Polysaccharides Anti-cancer [48,49] It is reported that the total ginsenoside content could be higher in the berry than in the root by as much as 60% [12], though this is not consistent throughout the studies, perhaps due to varying harvest times and differences in the way that ginsenosides are measured in each study (e.g., measuring the root's main ginsenosides but not the berry's biases the total ginsenoside count). Rb3, Re, Rb2, Rd, and Rc, in descending order of abundance (with occasional variation between Re and Rb2), are the ginsenosides that are the most abundant in the American ginseng berry, and this is consistent throughout the studies assessing its composition via high-performance liquid chromatography [12,42,50,51].…”

Section: Rg3mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Untapped Potential of Ginsenosides and American Ginseng Berry in Promoting Mental Health via the Gut–Brain Axis

St-Laurent

Hammami

2022

Nutrients

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Despite the popularity of the ginseng (Panax) root in health research and on the market, the ginseng berry’s potential remains relatively unexplored. Implementing ginseng berry cultivations and designing berry-derived products could improve the accessibility to mental health-promoting nutraceuticals. Indeed, the berry could have a higher concentration of neuroprotective and antidepressant compounds than the root, which has already been the subject of research demonstrating its efficacy in the context of neuroprotection and mental health. In this review, data on the berry’s application in supporting mental health via the gut–brain axis is compiled and discussed.

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“…G-Rh2, a 20 (S)-protopanaxadiol saponin extracted from the root of Panax ginseng ( Wong et al, 2015 ), has been reported to show cytotoxic activity and decreased cancer cells viability via JAK2/STAT3 pathway in human colorectal cancer cells ( Han et al, 2016 ), stimulates ROS production in human HeLa cervical cancer cell lines ( Liu et al, 2021 ). G-Rh2 was also reported with antitumor effects in liver, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer ( Ge et al, 2017 ; Shi et al, 2017 ; Wu et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). G-Rh2 inhibits proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial or membrane death receptor ( Wang et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Network Pharmacology-Based Prediction and Verification of Ginsenoside Rh2-Induced Apoptosis of A549 Cells via the PI3K/Akt Pathway

et al. 2022

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Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2), a rare protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type triterpene saponin, from Panax ginseng has anti-proliferation, anti-invasion, and anti-metastatic activity. However, the mechanisms by which G-Rh2 induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells are unclear. In the present work, a G-Rh2 target-lung cancer network was constructed and analyzed by the network pharmacology approach. A total of 91 compound-targets of G-Rh2 was obtained based on the compound-target network analysis, and 217 targets were identified for G-Rh2 against lung cancer by PPI network analysis. The 217 targets were significantly enriched in 103 GO terms with FDR <0.05 as threshold in the GO enrichment analysis. In KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, all the candidate targets were significantly enriched in 143 pathways, among of which PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was identified as one of the top enriched pathway. Besides, G-Rh2 induced apoptosis in human lung epithelial (A549) cells was verified in this work. G-Rh2 significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the apoptosis rate significantly increased from 4.4% to 78.7% using flow cytometry. Western blot analysis revealed that the phosphorylation levels of p85, PDK1, Akt and IκBα were significantly suppressed by G-Rh2. All the experimental findings were consistent with the network pharmacology results. Research findings in this work will provide potential therapeutic value for further mechanism investigations.

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Anticancer effects and potential mechanisms of ginsenoside Rh2 in various cancer types (Review)

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

Ginsenoside Rh2 Suppresses Metastasis and Growth of Colon Cancer via miR-491

Ginsenoside Rh2 Suppresses Metastasis and Growth of Colon Cancer via miR-491

The Untapped Potential of Ginsenosides and American Ginseng Berry in Promoting Mental Health via the Gut–Brain Axis

Network Pharmacology-Based Prediction and Verification of Ginsenoside Rh2-Induced Apoptosis of A549 Cells via the PI3K/Akt Pathway

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