Anticancer activity of Caesalpinia sappan by downregulating mitochondrial genes in A549 lung cancer cell line

Abstract

Background: The standardization and mechanism of action of Caesalpinia sappan as an anticancer agent are still lacking. This study aimed to understand the mechanism of action of C,sappan extract as an anticancer agent. Methods: This study was conducted using the A549 lung cancer cell line to understand the mechanism of action of C. sappan extract as an anticancer agent. The cytotoxicity activity, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, protein-related apoptosis (i.e., BCL-2and BAX protein) assays, and RNA sequencing were performed level were measured. Moreover, the antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, and phenolics of C.sappan were also assessed. Results: C.sappan has strong antioxidant activity (22.14 ± 0.93 ppm) total flavonoid content of (529.3 ± 4.56 mgQE/g), and phenolics content of (923.37 ± 5 mgGAE/g). The C.sappan ethanol extract inhibited cancer cell growth and arrested at G0/G1 phase of cell cycle, inducing apoptosis by increasing BAX/BCL-2 protein ratio in A549 lung cancer cell line. Furthermore, results from RNA sequencing analysis showed that C.sappan ethanol extract caused downregulation of genes acting on mitochondrial function including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and respiration. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that C.sappan has the ability to inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in A549 cells.

Formulation and Stability of Microemulsion Preparations From Secang Wood Extract (Caesalpinia Sappan L) and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)

“…The total flavonoid content found in secang wood extract was 23.6% or 230.6 mg QE (quercetin equivalent)/g sample which means in 1 g of extract Secang ethanol contains total flavonoids equivalent to 230.6 mg of quercetin. In the study of Widodo et al (2022), total flavonoids were obtained in secang ethanol extract of 529.3 mg QE/g samples, while in the study of Purba et al (2023) total flavonoids were obtained in secang methanol extract of 185.03 mg QE/g samples and total flavonoids in secang water extract were less than methanol extract. This difference in total flavonoids can be caused by different types of solvents used.…”

“…This can be due to brazilin which is a homoisoflavonoid that is more soluble in ethanol solvents. In the research of Widodo et al (2022), a higher total flavonoid was obtained from the extraction results even though they used the same solvent. This can be caused by the use of microwave heating-assisted extraction methods in the research of Widodo et al (2022).…”

“…In the research of Widodo et al (2022), a higher total flavonoid was obtained from the extraction results even though they used the same solvent. This can be caused by the use of microwave heating-assisted extraction methods in the research of Widodo et al (2022). Heating can aid extraction because it facilitates collisions between molecules, so ethanol can more easily extract secondary metabolites from samples.…”

A Potential Anticancer Mechanism of Finger Root (Boesenbergia rotunda) Extracts against a Breast Cancer Cell Line

“…The IC 50 value was determined using the inhibition curve. The assay was conducted in triplicate [ 51 ].…”

“…The cell suspensions were run using the flow cytometer (BD FACSCalibur, USA), and the data analysis was performed using the CellQuest software (BD Bioscience, USA). The analysis was conducted in triplicate [ 51 ].…”