Antibody responses to SARS-CoV2 vaccination in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

COVID-19 vaccines in patients with cancer: immunogenicity, efficacy and safety

“…Allogeneic stem cell transplantation Advanced age 232 , 233 Active graft-versus-host disease 160 , 232 , 234 , 235 Lymphopenia 160 , 236 – 238 …”

“…Most studies investigating COVID-19 vaccination in patients with cancer only assessed the presence of spike-reactive or RBD-reactive antibodies, although some have additionally performed neutralizing assays, including against VOCs 65,66,99-102 . T cell responses have 124 • Advanced age 65,99,103,127,224 • Male sex 99,103 Patients with haematological malignancies • Lymphoproliferative disorders (especially non-Hodgkin lymphoma) compared to myeloid malignancies 145 • Active disease 119,122,125,225 • Advanced age 122,131,[226][227][228] • Male sex 131,226,228 • Immunoparesis (immunoglobulin deficiency or lymphopenia) 122,134,225,226,[229][230][231] Plasma cell disorders • Higher number of prior lines of therapy (more than four) 122,225,228 allogeneic stem cell transplantation • Advanced age 232,233 • Active graft-versus-host disease 160,232,234,235 • Lymphopenia 160,[236][237][238] www.nature.com/nrclinonc 0123456789();:…”

“…• Uncomplicated stem cell transplantation (SCT) with stable engraftment is not associated with long-term impairment of the antibody response. The serological response is impaired shortly after SCT, although this response recovers to approaching that in age-matched individuals with no history of SCT after 6-12 months 69,100,125,130,160,[232][233][234]236,237 a Effects of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies last for at least 12 months after completion of therapy 131,134,226,240 . b Timing of chemotherapy may be irrelevant 100,120 .…”

COVID-19 in the Immunocompromised Host, Including People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

“…Age >60 years, vaccination within 6 months of HCT, or use of anti-thymocyte globulin during conditioning all were associated with lack of response to vaccination in this group. 111 As in other populations not expected to mount adequate vaccine responses, use of authorized anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs for pre-exposure prophylaxis may be warranted.…”

Cellular therapies for the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection

“…While some individuals with underlying immunodeficiency who become infected with SARS-CoV-2 will achieve effective viral clearance, 5,6 multiple reports have demonstrated a risk of prolonged shedding of viable virus with intra-host accrual of novel viral variants over time. [7][8][9][10][11] Studies of immunocompromised populations have shown suboptimal responses to vaccination, [12][13][14][15][16][17] and while booster vaccines in these populations is required, it is unclear how durable their protective immunity will be compared with immune competent individuals. Disease severity and the potential for new variants highlight the need for new preventative and therapeutic approaches to protect immunocompromised populations from COVID-19.…”