Antibiotics Used for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: a Case Study at a Primary Health Center Bogor Indonesia

Abstract

Acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is one of the health problem in a community with high prevalence and healthcare cost. At the primary health center (PHC), URTI is one of the most common diseases with a prevalence 45.64% in Bogor city on 2015, while Basic Health Research 2013 data showed the prevalence of URTI in Indonesia by 25%. This study analyzes the antibiotic prescription for URTI patients, factors influencing the rationale of antibiotic prescriptions, and the rational use of medicine (RUM) program management at Primary Health Centers at Bogor city. The research was analytic descriptive cross-sectional study by collecting data from medical records of patients diagnosed with non-pneumonia URTI, observation for outpatient health care, and interview with all responsible persons. The data were collected on 16 April-20 May 2018 from primary health centers at Bogor city. The samples were 359 oral antibiotic prescriptions of three physicians and antibiotics were prescribed for 122 (34%) cases from 359 cases of which 102 were evaluated for rationality according to local guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. The URTI diagnosis is classified into few categories with the prevalence of nasopharyngitis (62.9%), pharyngitis (30.6%), tonsillitis (5.3%), and sinusitis and acute otitis media (0.6%). Most antibiotics used were amoxicillin and cefadroxil. This study revealed that antibiotics prescribed 88% inaccuracy of antibiotics duration, 12% incompatibility with the guidance of antibiotic, 3% incompatibility with guidance and imprecise duration, and 1% inaccuracy of dose. Some factors that influencing rationality of antibiotics prescription was lack of physician's adherence to the clinical guideline, pharmacist role was not optimal, and lack of monitoring evaluating.

Serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from nasopharynges of children infected with HIV in Jakarta, Indonesia, pre- and post-pneumococcal vaccination

“…These results are in line with those from our study, which found an increase of less susceptible isolates against oxacillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and clindamycin. Trimethoprimsulphamethoxazole and tetracycline are included in commonly used antibiotics to treat patients with respiratory infections in Indonesia [22][23][24]. This study provided an insight in pneumococcal colonization difference among HIV-infected children vaccinated with PCV7 that might be important for vaccination consideration for HIV children.…”

Prevalence, serotype and antibiotic susceptibility of Group B Streptococcus isolated from pregnant women in Jakarta, Indonesia

“…These data showed that penicillin might be the first choice of antibiotic for intrapartum prophylaxis and treatment of GBS infections [31]. In Indonesia, penicillin is still the most common antibiotic class consumed widely [32][33][34]. While there are occasional reports of penicillin resistance, resistance is so rare that penicillin can be safely used empirically [35].…”

Kesesuaian Resep ISPA Non Pneumonia dengan Kriteria Por Nasional di Puskesmas Kabupaten Sleman Yogyakarta

“…Berdasarkan Pedoman Pengobatan Klinik yang dikeluarkan oleh Ikatan Dokter Indonesia (IDI), pada kasus rhinitis alergi, common cold dan laringitis dengan infeksi sekunder bakteri, pasien perlu mendapat tambahan antibiotika. Begitu pula pengobatan sinusitis dan otitis media akut diperlukan antibiotik dalam pengobatannya (Ambarwati, Setiawaty, and Wibowo 2018) (Thobari et al, 2019). Berdasarkan hal tersebut memungkinkan adanya peresepan antibiotik apabila dirasakan perlu untuk penyakitpenyakit tersebut.…”