Antibiotics Resistance in Rhizobium: Type, Process, Mechanism and Benefit for Agriculture

Abstract

The use of high-quality rhizobial inoculants on agricultural legumes has contributed substantially to the N economy of farming systems through inputs from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Large populations of symbiotically effective rhizobia should be available in the rhizosphere for symbiotic BNF with host plants. The rhizobial populations should also be able to compete and infect host plants. However, the rhizosphere comprises large populations of different microorganisms. Some of these microorganisms naturally produce antibiotics which are lethal to susceptible rhizobial populations in the soil. Therefore, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics is a desirable trait for the rhizobial population. It increases the rhizobia's chances of growth, multiplication and persistence in the soil. With a large population of rhizobia in the soil, infectivity of host plants and the subsequent BNF efficiency can be guaranteed. This review, therefore, puts together findings by various researchers on antibiotic resistance in bacteria with the main emphasis on rhizobia. It describes the different modes of action of different antibiotics, the types of antibiotic resistance exhibited by rhizobia, the mechanisms of acquisition of antibiotic resistance in rhizobia and the levels of tolerance of different rhizobial species to different antibiotics.

Host‐specific competitiveness to form nodules in Rhizobium leguminosarum symbiovar viciae

“…The mechanisms controlling CFN have not been fully elucidated. There is evidence for microbe-microbe interactions such as antibiosis and quorum sensing that are potentially involved in CFN (Robleto et al, 1998;McAnulla et al, 2007;Naamala et al, 2016). It is likely that differential proliferation of competitive bacterial genotypes in the host rhizosphere contributes to CFN, but the association between symbiosis plasmid diversity and partner choice supports the hypothesis that plant-Rhizobium interaction mechanisms are major drivers of CFN (Moawad, Ellis, & Schmidt, 1984;Laguerre et al, 2003).…”

Proteins in the periplasmic space and outer membrane vesicles ofRhizobium etliCE3 grown in minimal medium are largely distinct and change with growth phase

“…In E. coli , the alternative cell wall cross-links introduced by these enzymes are essential for resistance to some antibiotics (54). Antibiotic resistance in rhizobia is potentially important for their competition with antibiotic-producing soil organisms (55). Other cell wall modifying enzymes identified in the OMVs include the peptidoglycan-binding protein RHE_RS09350 and the D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase RHE_RS11305.…”

Isolation, identification and molecular characterization of Rhizobium species from Sesbania bispinosa cultivated in Bangladesh

“…So, these isolates showed higher antibiotic resistance towards beta-lactamase antibiotics. Antibiotic resistant Rhizobium increases rhizobial survivability in the soil (Naamala et al, 2016). So that, these antibiotics resistant Rhizobium can survive antibiotic stressed conditions and help to increase soil productivity.…”