Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Transfer

Keyes, Kathleen; Lee, Margie D.; Maurer, John J.

doi:10.1002/9780470752616.ch6

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Despite the widespread belief that antibiotics have only been utilized in the past century, recent evidence suggests that substances with antimicrobial activity were consumed a few thousand years back (31)(32)(33)(34). Prehistoric people used a diversity of natural substances such as herbs, honey, and even animal feces as the remedy for infection (35)(36)(37). Fungal infected bread was successfully used in treating skin infections around the globe in ancient times, particularly in Egypt, China, Serbia, Greece, and Rome (37).…”

Section: History Of Antibiotics In the Last Millenniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Resistance Movements: An Overview of Global Public Health Threats Posed by Antimicrobial Resistance, and How Best to Counter

Dhingra

Rahman

Peile

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

200

137

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Antibiotics changed medical practice by significantly decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial infection. However, infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death in the world. There is global concern about the rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which affects both developed and developing countries. AMR is a public health challenge with extensive health, economic, and societal implications. This paper sets AMR in context, starting with the history of antibiotics, including the discovery of penicillin and the golden era of antibiotics, before exploring the problems and challenges we now face due to AMR. Among the factors discussed is the low level of development of new antimicrobials and the irrational prescribing of antibiotics in developed and developing countries. A fundamental problem is the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding antibiotics among medical practitioners, and we explore this aspect in some depth, including a discussion on the KAP among medical students. We conclude with suggestions on how to address this public health threat, including recommendations on training medical students about antibiotics, and strategies to overcome the problems of irrational antibiotic prescribing and AMR.

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Section: History Of Antibiotics In the Last Millenniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Resistance Movements: An Overview of Global Public Health Threats Posed by Antimicrobial Resistance, and How Best to Counter

Dhingra

Rahman

Peile

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

200

137

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“…antibiotic, antiviral). The application of microorganisms for the treatment of microbial infections has been dated back to ancient Egypt, Greece and China, but the pivotal transition into modern era antibiotics was the discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 17 . Unfortunately, over-use of antibiotics has led to the promotion of antibiotic resistant bacteria.…”

Section: Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibrational spectroscopic analysis of blood for diagnosis of infections and sepsis: a review of requirements for a rapid diagnostic test

et al. 2021

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“…The spread of antibiotic immunity among bacteria is an evolutionary phenomenon mediated by plasmids, transposons, and integrons that carry DNA that encodes attack enzyme, efflux pumps, and other protective devices ( Table 3) [43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. Spontaneous mutations that are selected, favors spread of antimicrobial resistance that are stably inherited by daughter cells following cell division and such genes can escape from the chromosome into plasmids, transposons, or integrons that may occur as mobile genetic elements which can be disseminated into similar or dissimilar species through the process of conjugation, transduction and transformation (Figure 7), and in these processes the resistant genes are shared among bacteria and they can stay long in the environment [13,[50][51][52].…”

Section: Massive Irrational Antibiotics/antibacterial Drugs Use and Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacterial organisms can acquire resistance through different mechanisms such as [13,[50][51][52]: 1) Conjugation where bacteria can fuse and exchange plasmids and some…”

Section: Massive Irrational Antibiotics/antibacterial Drugs Use and Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The various mechanisms of acquired resistance expressed by bacterial include [13,14,47,52,54,55]: 1) the presence of an enzyme that inactivates the antimicrobial agent or enzymatic alteration of the antibiotic 2) metabolic bypass of the targeted pathway or the presence of an alternative pathway for the enzyme that is inhibited by the antimicrobial agent 3) a mutation in the antimicrobial agent's target, which reduces the binding of the antimicrobial agent or drug sequestering by protein binding 4) posttranscriptional or post-translational modification of the antimicrobial agent's target, which reduces binding of the antimicrobial agent or modification of targets 5) reduced uptake of the antimicrobial agent 6) active efflux of the antimicrobial agent or active pumping of drugs out of the cell 7) overproduction of the target of the antimicrobial agent (Figure 8 and Table 4). …”

Section: Box 1 Key Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antibiotics/antibacterial drug use, their marketing and promotion during the post-antibiotic golden age and their role in emergence of bacterial resistance

Bbosa¹,

Mwebaza²,

Odda³

et al. 2014

Health

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During the post-antibiotic golden age, it has seen a massive antibiotic/antibacterial production and an increase in irrational use of these few existing drugs in the medical and veterinary practice, food industries, tissue cultures, agriculture and commercial ethanol production globally. The irrational drug use has been further exacerbated by the increased marketing and promotion of these drugs by the pharmaceutical companies thus increasing their accessibility in the public and hence their improper use. The lack of production and introduction of the newer and effective antibiotic/antibacterial drugs in clinical practice in the post-antibiotic golden age has seen an increase in the emergence of the resistant pathogenic bacterial infections creating a significant problem in the global health of humankind. The massive productions of the antibiotic/antibacterial drugs have contributed to the poor disposal of these drugs and hence many of them are discharged in various water bodies contributing to the environmental antibiotic/antibacterial drug pollution. In the environment, these drugs exert pressure on the environmental bacteria by destroying useful bacteria that are responsible for the recycling of the organic matter and as well as promoting the selection of the resistant pathogenic bacteria that can spread in human and animal population thus causing an increase in the observed bacterial disease burden and hence a significant global public health problem. The resistant bacterial diseases lead to the high cost, increased occurrence of adverse drug reactions, prolonged hospitalization, the exposure to the second-and third-line drugs like in MDR-TB and XDR-TB that leads to toxicity and deaths as well as the increased poor production in agriculture and animal industry and commercial ethanol production.

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Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Transfer

Cited by 10 publications

References 106 publications

Microbial Resistance Movements: An Overview of Global Public Health Threats Posed by Antimicrobial Resistance, and How Best to Counter

Microbial Resistance Movements: An Overview of Global Public Health Threats Posed by Antimicrobial Resistance, and How Best to Counter

Vibrational spectroscopic analysis of blood for diagnosis of infections and sepsis: a review of requirements for a rapid diagnostic test

Antibiotics/antibacterial drug use, their marketing and promotion during the post-antibiotic golden age and their role in emergence of bacterial resistance

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