Antibiotic Sensitivity and Serotypes of Group A Hemolytic Streptococci Isolated from Clinical Specimens and Healthy Pupils in Japan, 1986-1988

Molecular mechanisms of high level tetracycline-resistance in group A streptococcal isolates, T serotypes 4 and 11

“…Regarding the T11 isolates, most isolates tested in this study had tetracycline-resistance, but this was not the case for T11 isolates obtained before the 1990s in Japan [4][5][6], suggesting that they acquired the tet(M) gene after the 1990s through the Tn916-Tn1545 family, with the clone (or limited clones) then spreading around Japan during the 1990s. Interestingly, over 90 % of the T12 isolates carried resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin and chloramphenicol in the late 1970s in Japan.…”

“…This is the case for a carrier. Endo et al reported that T4 isolates were the third most frequently T typeobtained from healthy children and the level of tetracycline resistance was the highest compared with other T types detected [4]. They were also more likely to be exposed to antibiotics, so resistance to tetracycline was associated with T4 isolates.…”

“…Eighty-three belonging to 12 T serotypes (T1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 18, 22, 28 and B3264) and T untypable (TUT) were isolated from patients with infections including pharyngitis. Twenty-seven made up of nine T types (T1, 3,4,6,8,11,12,22 and 28) and TUT were from soft tissue and skin infections (STSS) and 10 isolates of serotypes T1, T22 and B3264 were from five independent outbreaks (two isolates were from each group) from 1992 to 2002. Isolates were selected to test as many different T types as possible.…”

“…In order to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility of clinically isolated GAS isolates for effective chemotherapy for patients with these infections, surveillance studies have been performed in Japan [2][3][4][5][6][7]. The annual incidence of tetracycline-resistant Japanese GAS isolates has been high, ranging from 40.3 to 72.3% between 1967 and 1987.…”

Epidemiology of streptococcus group A in school aged children in Pemba

“…It seems to be higher in urban environment of temperate areas especially during the cold season, when GAS represent as many as 50-60% of all ß-haemolytic streptococci. The prevalence also depends on socioeconomical and environmental conditions, is higher in primary school children and in overcrowded conditions; yet, as recently reported, investigations on the epidemiology of GAS circulation/ infections and its sequelae are scanty and controversial (6)(7)(8) to our knowledge, there are no reports from the east African countries.…”